Chapter 10: Family, Home, and Society Throughout the Life Span

Question 1

Bronfenbrenner constructed a model depicting the ____ of develoment and their interrelationships as a series of embedded, concentric circles.

Answer 1

systems

Question 2

The innermost circles is the ______, in which the child directly participates. i.e. family, day care, or school

Answer 2

microsystem

Question 3

A child’s experience in one microsystem affects his or her experinces in another microsystem through the ______.

Answer 3

meosystem

i.e. a child whose parents are divorcing may start doing poorly in school

Question 4

The ____ is where interrelationsips between events in contexts in which the child does not directly participate affect the child.

Answer 4

exosystem

i.e. a parent who is experiencing stress at work may interact less with his or her child at home

Question 5

The _____ affects each of the other systems. It is the outermost area that encircles all of the other systems in the model.

Answer 5

macrosystem

Question 6

The macrosytem is the ______ context and it contains the values and attitudes shared by the members of teh culture.

Answer 6

sociolcultural
i.e. parenting customs vary across different cultures. these customs affect the child’s experinces in the microsystem of the family

Question 7

_____ theory is the theorectical perspective that views the family as an organized, whole unit with integrated parts.

Answer 7

family systems theory

Question 8

Members of the family ____ roles that are reciprocally determined interrelationsips like mother-child, father-child, and mother-father.

Answer 8

adopt

Question 9

The behavior of each family member affects the whole system, and relationships between two or more members of the family _____ the whole family.

Answer 9

affect

Question 10

There are different family structures other than the traditional _____ family.

Answer 10

nuclear

Question 11

The ____ family is a household that consists of multiple generations of the same family as in when grandparents live in the home.

Answer 11

beanpole family

Question 12

The _____ or reconstituted family is a family strucutre that is the result of remarriage.

Answer 12

blended

Question 13

More households are non traditional today due to the high rate of _____ and remarriage, and the increasing numbers of same sex parent households, and ______ households.

Answer 13

divorce

single parent

Question 14

Today many households are headed by _____ working parents raising concern regarding the degree of supervision children have after school and the amount of time parents spend with their children.

Answer 14

dual

Question 15

_____ children are children who go home to an empty house after school. Many of these children suffer no ill effects, but these are the children whose parents monitor them through cell phone calls and who establish rules for what the child can and cannot do.

Answer 15

latchkey children

Question 16

Research clearly shows that it is the quality of the time parents spend with their children that affects their development, not the _____ of time.

Answer 16

quantity

Question 17

Fathers in dual working households participate more in child care than those in household with _____ mothers.

Answer 17

stay at home mothers

Question 18

Family systems theory also describes a family _____.

Answer 18

life cycle

Question 19

Theorists in this perspective view the family unit as moving through a sequence of phases analogous to a _____ in a developing individual.

Answer 19

stage model

Question 20

Family roles are affected by the phase of the family and ______ satifsfactin changes across the phases.

Answer 20

marital

Question 21

Marital satisfaction is at a peak before the ____, decreases thereafter until the launching phase, where is begins to increase again.

Answer 21

first child

Question 22

The ____ phase is when young adult children leave the home. It used to be called the empty nest stage.

Answer 22

launching phase

Question 23

Recent research indicates that most parents enjoy a renewal in their relationship and are very _____ during the launching phase.

Answer 23

satisfied

Question 24

Baumrind conducted a longitudinal study of parenting and developed a system of classifying _____ styles.

Answer 24

parenting

Question 25

Baumrind found she could classify parents into ____ styles and that there are predictable developmental outcomes for children raised with each ______.

Answer 25

4

parenting style

Question 26

The 4 parenting style according to Baumrind

Answer 26

authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
neglectful/univolved

Question 27

____ parents are affectionate and loving but provide control when necessary and set limits.

Answer 27

authoritative parenting

Question 28

Authoritative parents tend to have children that are self-reliant, competent, and ______.

Answer 28

socially responsible

Question 29

_____ parents demand unquestioning obedience and use punishment to control behavior. They are less likely to be affectionate.

Answer 29

authoritarian parents

Question 30

______ parents tend to children that are unhappy, distrustful, ineffective in social interactions, and often become dependent adults.

Answer 30

authoritarian parents

Question 31

_____ parents make few demands, allow children to make their own decisions, and use inconsistent dicipline.

Answer 31

permissive parents

Question 32

_____ parents children tend to be immature, lack self control and explore less

Answer 32

permissive

Question 33

______ parents do not pay attention to the needs of the child and provide no discipline, guidance, love or affection.

Answer 33

neglectful/uninvolved parents

Question 34

______ parents tend to have children that are at risk for anti-social behavior.

Answer 34

neglectful/uninvolved parents

Question 35

Longitudinal research has show that parents style of parenting changes across the _____ of family life. They may adopt one style when children are young, but then adjust this style as the children age and approach the launching phase.

Answer 35

stages

Question 36

_____ relationships are important to the social development of the child.

Answer 36

sibling

Question 37

Children who grow up with siblings have an advantage over their only-children peers when they begin forming _____.

Answer 37

friendships.

Question 38

Only children are less _____ compared to their counterparts with siblings.

Answer 38

socially accepted

Question 39

____ is the competition that can arise between siblings. This competition tends to rise through childhood as school-age children experience more things on which they can compete, but tends to decrease in adolescence as teenagers spend less time in the home and more time with friends.

Answer 39

sibling rivalry

Question 40

Siblings can be very close, benefit from interactions with each other, yet fiercely ______.

Answer 40

argue and fight

Question 41

Older siblings are often ____ for younger siblings and serve as role models and teachers.

Answer 41

caregivers

Question 42

The quality of the adolescent-parent relationship depends on the degree to which parents and adolescents successfully _____ this relationship.

Answer 42

renegotiate

Question 43

A major task of adolescense is achieving ____, teh ability to make decisions independently. In order to accomplish this taks, adolescents need to make attempts to be independent even if these attempts sometimes fail.

Answer 43

autonomy

Question 44

If parents are too restrictive and continue to control their adolescents lives as much as when they were children, adolescents will not have the opportunity to develop _____.

Answer 44

independence

Question 45

Parents tend to give greater autonomy as the adolescent shows more _____.

Answer 45

autonomy

Question 46

The ____ parenting style leads to the best outcomes with adolescents as it did with younger children.

Answer 46

authoritative

Question 47

The majority of adult children have continued strong relationships which morph into _____, rather than parent child relationships.

Answer 47

friendships

Question 48

Adult children tend to have signifiicant contact with their aging parents even if they do not live together or in close ____.

Answer 48

proximity

Question 49

As parents age they may rely on children for their care, a change that is referred to as a _____.

Answer 49

role reversal

Question 50

The ______ or squeeze is when adult children are responsible for the care of aging parents as well as their own children. This is a significant stress and the responsibility usually falls more on daughters and _____.

Answer 50

middle generation sandwhich

daughters in law

Question 51

The ____ role is a source of great satisfaction for middle and older adults.

Answer 51

grandparent

Question 52

There have been 3 major trends facing the developing family over the past 3 decades: an increase in divorce, an increase in working _____, and increase in single parent families.

Answer 52

mothers

Question 53

Because every household is different it is difficult to generalize the effect of _____ or single parenting on the family, but trends to do occur

Answer 53

divorce.

Question 54

A parent who is secure and rewarded in the workplace deals better with divorce or _____.

Answer 54

single parenthood

Question 55

A positive network of ____ and family provides support, lending a more positive aspect to the divorce or single parenthood.

Answer 55

friends

Question 56

When both parents play a role in raising the child even though divorced, there is a more _____ outcome.

Answer 56

positive

Question 57

The quality of the relationship with the non-custodial parent is a key factor that predicts outcomes of _____. The better the quality of this relationship, the better the children’s developmental outcomes.

Answer 57

divorce

Question 58

The degree of post-divorce conflict in turn predicts the quality of the relationship with the _____ parent.

Answer 58

non-custodial

Question 59

There are ____ aspects that affect the development of a child dealing with divorce.

Answer 59

five

Question 60

The five aspects that affect the development of a child dealing with divorce include the levels of stress and amount of support at the time of divorce; ____; the age of the child; the amount of time since the change; and the parents’ response to the change

Answer 60

the sex or the child

Question 61

Parents from different ____ tend to adopt different parenting style and customs, and value different developmental outcomes for their children.

Answer 61

social classes

Question 62

Lower and working class parents tend to adopt the authoritarian parenting style more than ______ and _____ class parents, because they tend to value obedience.

Answer 62

middle and upper class

Question 63

____ to authority may be valued because parents assume their own children will be working in blue collar jobs in which they are required to be compliant.

Answer 63

obedience

Question 64

Lower and working class parents usually express ____ affection toward children and perhaps this is due to the greater number of stressors they have in their lives from economic hardships and the poor environments in which they are forced to live. They also are ____ educated and therefore may lack knowledge about how to parent more effectively.

Answer 64

less

less

Question 65

Culture influences _____ style.

Answer 65

parenting

Question 66

There are reliable differences in parenting style across to the two broad types of cultures; collectivistic and _____.

Answer 66

indivdiualistic

Question 67

A ____ culture values the greater good, and members who work toward the goals of the group, like the family.

Answer 67

collectivist

Question 68

Members of ____ cultures value and reward individual achievement and promote competition among individuals.

Answer 68

individualistic

Question 69

The hispanic and _____ cultures are collectivistic.

Answer 69

japanese

Question 70

European-American culture is _____.

Answer 70

individualistic

Question 71

Parents who are hispanic or japanese tend to be _____ in their parenting sytle because those cultures value respect and obedience to authority.

Answer 71

authoritarian

Question 72

European-American parents tend to be _____ in their parenting style because they value the development outcomes of independence and autonomy.

Answer 72

authoritative

Question 73

If authoritarian parenting is viewed as an indication that parents love and care about their children, as it is in the ____ culture, the development outcomes will actually be positive.

Answer 73

chinese

Question 74

The media, particularly tv and ____, have a significant effect on children’s development.

Answer 74

computers

Question 75

Research has shown that preschoolers engage in tv viewing more than any other activity other than ____

Answer 75

sleeping

Question 76

Children between the ages of 2 and 11 watch an average of over ___ hours of tv per week.

Answer 76

22

Question 77

The average decline by only ____ hours or so for those who are 12 to 17 years old.

Answer 77

2

Question 78

Educational tv programs have been found to have a ____ effect on children’s cognitive development and prosocial behavior.

Answer 78

positive

Question 79

Bandura and his colleagues showes in a classic experiment, children will imitate and aggressive model that they see on ____.

Answer 79

tv

Question 80

Children who watch more _____ programs are more aggressive than their counterparts.

Answer 80

violent

Question 81

Younger children are also frightened by the ____ of some tv shows and do not understand the difference between reality and fiction.

Answer 81

content

Question 82

TV viewing is also negatively correlated with the amount of ______ and communication

Answer 82

family interaction

Question 83

____ technology is both potentially beneficial and harmful.

Answer 83

computer

Question 84

The internet provides children access to a great deeal of appropriate and ______, as well as inappropriate and harmful information.

Answer 84

educational

Question 85

Computer video games can be very violent and unlike merely observing violence in a tv show, violent video games ____ children’s violent behavior. Players can earn points by killing or destroying.

Answer 85

reward

Question 86

Use of the computer, like tv viewing, has the capacity to decrease the time ____ spend interacting with each other.

Answer 86

family members

Question 87

_____ and child sexual abuse are found in all cultures and across all socioeconomic classes.

Answer 87

child abuse

Question 88

Child ____ is failure to protect children from harm or failure to meet their biological and medical need.

Answer 88

neglect

Question 89

Studies of child mistreatment have found a link between ______ and abuse.

Answer 89

temperament

Question 90

The difficult temperament is the _____ of the three temperaments for caregivers to deal with and perhaps that is why children with this temperament are at greater risk of abuse.

Answer 90

hardest

Question 91

_____ offenders tend to target children who are isolated and needy. Sexual offenders play on these children’s vulnerabilities and my gain the trust of children because they are socially isolate and crave _____.

Answer 91

sexual

attention

Question 92

Young infants who are abused or neglected often develop a syndrome called ______.

Answer 92

failure to thrive

Question 93

_____ of child sexual abuse frequently develop post traumatic stress disorder and engage in sexualized behavior.

Answer 93

victims

Question 94

A smaller number of victims of child sexual abuse develop serious _______ disorders, such as multiple personality disorder.

Answer 94

psychological

Question 95

_____ are most often the abuser.

Answer 95

parents

Question 96

Parents who abuse their children tend to have a history of ____ themselves, have little social support, and low self esteem, and are hypersensitive to their children’s bad behavior.

Answer 96

abuse

Question 97

Studies have shown that abusers have signficantly higher levels of emotional ____ under stressful conditions compared to non abusers. Intervention programs that focus on social support for these parents tend to be most successful.

Answer 97

arousal

Question 98

Kubler Ross provided the first psychological model of _____ and ____.

Answer 98

death and dying

Question 99

Kubler Ross studied death and dying by conducting in depth interviews with ____.

Answer 99

terminally ill patients

Question 100

The first stage in the death and dying model is _____, when the patient refuses to accept the diagnosis and prognosis of death.

Answer 100

denial

Question 101

A person in ____ might spend a lot of time and money seeking other medical opinions.

Answer 101

denial

Question 102

The 2nd stage of teh dying and death stage theory is _____.

Answer 102

anger

Question 103

After the anger phase, the person enters the stage of ______, trying to delay the inevitable.

Answer 103

bargaining

Question 104

When anger and bargaining don’t help a period of _____ ensures.

Answer 104

depression

Question 105

The final stage of Kubler ROss’s theory is _____, when patients finally accept their impending death. They may participate in planning their own funeral and put their affairs in order.

Answer 105

acceptance

Question 106

Critics argue that the Kubler Ross stage theory has flaws, and all people do not go through these stages in the same ____, and not all dying patients come to accept their death.

Answer 106

order

Question 107

_____ is the distressful responding to teh death of a loved one.

Answer 107

grief or bereavement

Question 108

Psychologists argue that grief is a process that proceeds through the same stages as in the ______ model of death and dying.

Answer 108

kubler ross

Question 109

_____ also effects how people deal with death and the dying process. Each culture has death and bereavement rituals, attitudes toward death, and expectations for the behavior of those who are bereaved.

Answer 109

culture

Question 110

_____ is grief that begins before the loved one’s death. Family members often begin the grief process when they learn that a loved one has a terminal illness.

Answer 110

anticipatory grief

Question 111

______ is actively assisting the death of a terminally ill person who has a very poor quality of life.

Answer 111

euthanasia

Question 112

A ____ is a legal document that outlines the individuals’s wishes with regard to end of life care.

Answer 112

living will

Question 113

A ____ is a comprehensive support program for terminally ill patients and their families. The goal of hospice is to help the dying person have a painfree death in a _____ environment, preferably the home, surrounded by their loved ones.

Answer 113

hospice

comfortable