Chapter 11: Personality and Emotions

Question 1

______ is a psychological construct defined as the relatively stable and characteristic set of traits and behaviors of an individual.

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to assume that another person’s personality or beliefs _____ his/her behavior.

Answer 2

cause

Question 3

Two influential theories of personality development are Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and ____ psychosocial theory.

Answer 3

Erickson’s

Question 4

Developmental psychologists suggest that a rudimentary form of personality called _____ is found in newborns.

Answer 4

termperament

Question 5

Temperamental differences among newborns suggest that personality is in part, influenced by _____ as well as shaped by experience.

Answer 5

nature

Question 6

Developmental psychologists also study _____ development.

Answer 6

emotional

Question 7

An ____ is a conscious experience or feeling that has a stimulus component, a cognitive component, a bodily or physiological component, and a behavioral component.

Answer 7

emotion

Question 8

Emotional development includes becoming able to express different emotions, regulating emotional responses, and ______ the emotions of the self and others.

Answer 8

interperting

Question 9

_______ refers to a child’s characteristic mood and activity level.

Answer 9

temperament

Question 10

Even young infants are ______ different from one another.

Answer 10

temperamentally

Question 11

The New York Longitudinal Study followed 140 children from birth to adolescence and rated them into ____ categories at 2 to 3 months old.

Answer 11

4 categories
Easy Infants 
Difficult Infants
Slow to Warm Up Infants
Average Infants

Question 12

40% of infants in the New York Longitudinal study were adaptable to new situation and positive in their moods, ____.

Answer 12

easy infants

Question 13

10% of infants in the New York Longitudinal study were intense in their reactions, slightly negative, and not very adaptable to new situations, _____.

Answer 13

difficult infants

Question 14

15% of infants in the New York Longitudinal study were slow to adapt to new situation, _____.

Answer 14

slow to warm up

Question 15

35% of infants in the New York Longitudinal study did not fit into any other catagories, _____.

Answer 15

average

Question 16

Early temperament appears to be highly _____ determined, environment can also influence.

Answer 16

biologically

Question 17

Researchers have used the term ________to describe an environment in which an infant’s temperament matches the opportunities, expectations, and demands the infant encounters.

Answer 17

“goodness of fit”

Question 18

Freud argued that childhood experience determine adult personality, unconcious mental processes influence ______, and conflict causes most human behavior.

Answer 18

everyday behavior

Question 19

In each stage of the psychosexual development, pleasure that satifies the id comes from a different _____ or part of the body where the pleasure originates.

Answer 19

erogenous zone

Question 20

In each stage of the psychosexual development there is a ______ because the ego must find socially acceptable ways to satisfy the id.

Answer 20

psychosexual crisis

Question 21

During the phallic stage boys have ____ complexes which are desires for opposite sex parents as well as feelings of fear and hostility for same sex parent. Successful resolution of this conflict results in identification with the _____.

Answer 21

oedipal complex

same sex parent

Question 22

During the phallic stage girls have ____ complexes which are desires for opposite sex parents as well as feelings of fear and hostility for same sex parent. Successful resolution of this conflict results in identification with the _____.

Answer 22

electra complex

same sex parent

Question 23

_____ can result when urges are either frustrated or overindulged in any one erogenous zone. ____ results in one’s personality becoming permanently locked in the conflict surrounding that erogenous zone.

Answer 23

Fixation

Fixation

Question 24

Erickson believed that the way each psychosocial crisis is resolved affects the person’s ability to successfully _____ the next crisis.

Answer 24

resolve

Question 25

Bandura used the term _____ for children's perception of their ability to succedd at a task. Children with low _____ may be very competent but do not believe that are competent.

Answer 25

self-efficacy | self-efficacy

Question 26

Self-efficacy comes form experiencing success and perceiving one's success as comparable to ____.

Answer 26

peers

Question 27

Bandura suggested that a child that is excited or nervous before a task can cause him to perform _____ or worse. An optimal level of excitement might be the most advantagous.

Answer 27

better

Question 28

______ is the perception of one's worth.

Answer 28

self esteem

Question 29

Children's self esteem judgements are influenced by self concept and _____.

Answer 29

self efficacy

Question 30

Cross cultural research on self esteem has shown _____ differences on levels of self esteem in children from different cultures.

Answer 30

signficant

Question 31

Chinese and ______ children have been shown to have lower self esteem than ______ children. The difference in how these cultures value collectivism versus individualist may explain the difference.

Answer 31

Japanese | American

Question 32

The major task of adolescence is forming an ______.

Answer 32

adult identity

Question 33

Cross cultural research on the adolescent stage of development has shown variation in the length of adolescence as well as the ______ of adolescents.

Answer 33

experiences

Question 34

Adolescentce is viewed as a ____ , a time period given to adolescents to explore different identities and prepare for adulthoood. Adolescents are not still children, but also not yet adults during this moratorium.

Answer 34

moratorium period

Question 35

According to Marcia and adolescent becomes an adult when he or she has made a commitment to an ______.

Answer 35

adult identity after much exploring

Question 36

Choosing the wrong identity will lead to an identity crisis later on in ____.

Answer 36

adulthood

Question 37

Marcia's four identity status groups

Answer 37

identity moratorium identity diffusion identity foreclosure identity achievement

Question 38

The ______ is an identity crisis with no commitment.

Answer 38

identity moratorium

Question 39

____ is when there is no identity crisis and no comittment.

Answer 39

identity diffusion

Question 40

______ has no identity crisis and a commitment.

Answer 40

identity foreclosure

Question 41

______ has an identity crisis and commitment.

Answer 41

idenity achievement

Question 42

Male adolescents tend to have _____ of self esteem compared to females. This may be due to the fact that males have better body images than females.

Answer 42

higher

Question 43

Developmental psychologists suggest that adults' lifestyle and satisfaction are influenced by their adult ____.

Answer 43

personality style

Question 44

______ suggested that adults who remained active and connected with other people were more satisfied.

Answer 44

activity theory

Question 45

______ suggested that satisfied older adults followed a natural tendency to become less engaged in society.

Answer 45

disengagement theory

Question 46

Research shows that there are four adult personality styles that determine _____.

Answer 46

preferred lifestyle

Question 47

The ____ type is an adult who has chosen to be very active and satisfied, has chosen to engage in a few activities and is satisfied, or has disengaged voluntarily and is satisfied.

Answer 47

integrated

Question 48

The _____ types is an older adult who remains active in the hope of maintaining abilities and is satisfied, or disengages after experiencing losses and is satisfied.

Answer 48

armored-defended

Question 49

The ______ type is an older adult who is very emotionally needy and satisfied if he or she has others to lean on, or disengaged, rocking chair adults who have low satisfaction.

Answer 49

passive-dependent

Question 50

The ______ type is an adult who has lost or never had normal psychological functioning.

Answer 50

unintegrated/disorganized type

Question 51

The 4 types of adult personality types

Answer 51

integrated armored-defended passive-dependent unintegrated/disorganized

Question 52

Robert Plutchik proposed that emotions evolved because they help species to _____. He felt that emotions are inherited behavioral patterns and are modified by experience.

Answer 52

survive

Question 53

Emotions have four components: external stimuli that are interpreted by the person, feelings, physiological arousal, and _____.

Answer 53

behavioral responses

Question 54

Various theories have attempted to explain the experience of emotions. William James and Carl Lange proposed that people experience physiological changes and interpret these changes as _____. In other words, emotions follow behavior and not vice versa.

Answer 54

emotions

Question 55

The ____ theory argues that emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 55

Cannon-Bard

Question 56

Stanley Schachter's view of emotion is a _____ approach. It is referred to as the Schachter-Singer Theory.

Answer 56

cognitive

Question 57

The Schachter-Singer theory proposes that emotion occurs when physiological arousal causes us to search for reasons for this ______.

Answer 57

arousal