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PSY101 > Chapter 8: Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Study of changes in people from conception to death

A

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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2
Q

Research Designs:

One group followed and assessed as they age (at different times)

A

LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

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3
Q

Research Designs:

Several different age groups are studied at one time

A

CROSS - SECTIONAL DESIGN

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4
Q

Research Designs:

Two groups different age followed for a while

A

CROSS - SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

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5
Q

Influence of inherited characteristics

A

NATURE

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6
Q

Influence of environment

A

NURTURE

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7
Q

Science of inherited traits

A

GENETICS

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8
Q

Molecule that contains genetic material

A

DNA

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9
Q

Section of DNA with same arrangement of chemical elements

A

GENE

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10
Q

Strand of genetic material of DNA

A

CHROMOSOME

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11
Q

Gene that actively controls expression of trait

A

DOMINANT TRAIT

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12
Q

Only influences the expression of trait

A

RECESSIVE TRAIT

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13
Q

Born without the ability to breakdown phenylalanine

A

PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

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14
Q

Disease of the respiratory and digestive tracts

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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15
Q

Blood disorder

A

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

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16
Q

Fatal Neurological disorder

A

TAY-SACHS DISORDER

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17
Q

Extra chromosome

21st

A

DOWN SYNDROME

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18
Q

23rd = XXY

A

KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME

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19
Q

Lone X chromosome

short, infertile, sexually underdeveloped

A

TURNER’S SYNDROME

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20
Q

Prenatal Development:

Egg (ovum) unite with the sperm resulting to _

A

FERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

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21
Q

Prenatal Development:
1 to 2 weeks after fertilization
Zygote moves to uterus and begins to implant lining
Placenta and umbilical cord develop

A

GERMINAL STAGE

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22
Q

Prenatal Development:
2-8 weeks
Heart and digestive system begin to develop
Critical period

A

EMBRYONIC STAGE

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23
Q

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

A

TERATOGENS

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24
Q

Prenatal Development:
8 weeks after conception until birth
Fetus
Muscles begin to contract during 3rd month

A

FETAL STAGE

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25
Q

Infancy and Development:
At birth
🌬💉🌡🚽

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTION
BLOOD CIRCULATION
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATED
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STARTS TO WORK

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26
Q

Infancy and Development:

Reflexes for survival (5)

A 
GRASPING
SUCKING
STARTLE (MORO REFLEX)
STEPPING
ROOTING (Turning head looking for nipple)
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27
Q 
Infancy and Development:
Sensory
✋🏻👃🏻👅 
👂🏻 
👀
A

TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE (Most well developed)
HEARING (functional but not well developed)
SIGHT (least developed)

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28
Q

Infancy and Development:
Raising head and chest
Rolling over

A

2 to 5 months

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29
Q

Infancy and Development:

Sitting with support

A

4 to 6 months

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30
Q

Infancy and Development:

Sitting up without support

A

6 to 7 months

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31
Q

Infancy and Development:

Crawling

A

7 to 8 months

32
Q

Infancy and Development:

Walking

A

8 to 18 months

33
Q

The development if thinking, problem solving and memory

A

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

34
Q

Cognitive Development:

Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher

A

JEAN PIAGET

35
Q

Cognitive Development:

A mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

A

SCHEMES

36
Q

Cognitive Development:

First try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess

A

ASSIMILATION

37
Q

Cognitive Development:

Process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences

A

ACCOMODATION

38
Q

Piaget’s Four Stage Theory:
Birth to 2 years
Children explore using senses and ability to move
Sense of Objective Permanence (Knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight)

A

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR

39
Q

Piaget’s Four Stage Theory:
2 to 7 years
Developing language and concepts
Can ask questions and explore surroundings

A

STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL

40
Q

Everything that move is alive and real

A

ANIMISM

41
Q

Disability to see the world through other’s eyes

A

EGOCENTRISM

42
Q

Changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature

A

CONSERVATION ISSUES

43
Q

Focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant issues

A

CENTRATION

44
Q

Unable to mentally reverse items

A

IRREVERSIBILITY

45
Q

Piaget’s Four Stage Theory:
7 to 12 years
Logical and rational thinking starts
Abstract VS Concrete concepts

A

STAGE 3: CONCRETE

46
Q

Capable of decentration and reversibility

A

CONSERVATION

47
Q 
Piaget's Four Stage Theory:
12 years to adulthood
Abstractions and Analogies become possible
What if
Critical thinking becomes developed
A

STAGE 4: FORMAL

48
Q

Attachment between infant and caregiver

A

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION

49
Q

Importance of Social Interaction
Scaffolding
ZPD

A

LEV VGOTSKY

50
Q

Difference between what the child can do alone and what the child can do with a help of a teacher

A

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

ZPD

51
Q

Father of Modern Linguists

Stages of Language Development (Cooing, Babbling, Holophrases, Telegraphic Speech, Whole Sentences)

A

NOAM CHOMSKY

52
Q

German American developmental psychologist

Psychosocial Stages of Development (8)

A

ERIK ERIKSON

53
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Infant
Fulfillment of basic needs

A

STAGE 1: TRUST VS MISTRUST

54
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Toddler
Direct their own behavior

A

STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS SHAME

55
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Pre-school
Challenged to control their behavior
Taking responsibility

A

STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS GUILT

56
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Elementary
Opportunities to learn social and academic skills

A

STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

57
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Adolescence
Defining identities and roles

A

STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

58
Q

Response of people of various ages to stories about other people caught in moral dilemmas

A

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

59
Q

Kohl’s Level of Morality:

Consequences determine morality

A

PRECONVENTIONAL

60
Q

Kohl’s Level of Morality:

Conforming to the norms of society

A

CONVENTIONAL

61
Q

Kohl’s Level of Morality:
Morality decided upon individual
May conflict with values and / or accepted norms

A

POSTCONVENTIONAL

62
Q

Peak of Physical health

A

20s

63
Q

30s

A

Signs of aging become visible

64
Q

Visual problems
weight gain
strength and height decrease

A

40s

65
Q

Decline in reproductive system

A

MENOPAUSE

66
Q

Decline in several hormones: testosterone

A

ANDROPAUSE

67
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Early Adulthood (20s - 30s)
Relationship without losing sense of self

A

STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION

68
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:
Middle Adulthood (40s - 50s)
Be creative, productive and nurture next generation through career or volunteer work

A

STAGE 7: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION

69
Q

Parenting Styles:
Stern
Controlling
Showing little warmth

A

AUTHORITARIAN

70
Q

Parenting Styles:
Few demands
Can be either involved (Indulgent) or uninvolved (Neglectful)

A

PERMISSIVE

71
Q

Parenting Styles:

Combine warmth and affection with firm limits on child’s behavior

A

AUTHORITATIVE

72
Q

Psychosocial Stages of Development:

Acceptance of wholeness of self and life experiences

A

STAGE 8: INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR

73
Q

Stages of Death and Dying (5)

A
  1. DENIAL
  2. ANGER
  3. BARGAINING
  4. DEPRESSION
  5. ACCEPTANCE
74
Q

Reproduction of cells are limited

A

CELLULAR CLOCK THEORY

75
Q

Bodily damage

A

WEAR AND TEAR THEORY

76
Q

Biological explanation done to cells over time

A

FREE RADICAL THEORY

77
Q

Positively adjusting to aging and remains active

A

ACTIVITY THEORY

PSY101 (7 decks)

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