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PSY101 > Chapter 5: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by an experience or practice

A

LEARNING

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

Reflexes, stimuli & responses

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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3
Q

Elements of Classical Conditioning:
Naturally occurring stimulus
Leads to the reflex response

A

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

UCS

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4
Q

Elements of Classical Conditioning:
Reflex response to UCS
Unlearned because of genetic “wiring” in the Nervous System

A

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

UCR

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5
Q

Elements of Classical Conditioning:
NS + UCS
UCS begins to elicit the reflex on its own

A

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

CS

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6
Q

Elements of Classical Conditioning:

Response to CS

A

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

CS

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7
Q

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning:

The _ must come before the _

A

CS - UCS

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8
Q

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning:

The CS & _ must come very _ together in time: _

A

UCS - CLOSE

NO MORE THAN 5 SECONDS

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9
Q

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning:

Before conditioning can take place what must be paired several times?

A

NS + UCS

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10
Q

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning:

Distinctive or usually stands out from other competing stimuli

A

CS

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11
Q

Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

A

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

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12
Q

Learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

Can distinguish between stimuli and react aptly

A

DISCRIMINATION

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13
Q

CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of UCS

= CR will die out

A

EXTINCTION

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14
Q

CR can briefly reappear (recover) when the original CS returns
Usually weak and short lived

A

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

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15
Q

Strong CS + NS
Strong CS = UCS
NS becomes CS

A

HIGHER - ORDER CONDITIONING

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16
Q

Emotional responses that has become classically conditioned to occur learned stimuli
Phobias (John Watson)
Little Albert

A

CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

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17
Q

To become classically conditioned by watching someone else respond to stimuli

A

VICARIOUS CONDITIONING

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18
Q

Nausea assertive response to a particular taste

A

CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

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19
Q

Tendency to learn certain association with only one or few pairings due to survival value of learning

A

BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS

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20
Q 
CS activates (substitutes) instead of UCS
Expectancy of the coming UCS
A

STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION

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21
Q

UCS = _

A

UCR

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22
Q

NS + _ = UCR

A

UCS

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23
Q

_ = CR

A

CS

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24
Q

Edward Thorndike

If action if followed by a pleasurable response/ consequence, it will tend to be repeated

A

LAW OF EFFECT

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25
Q

Voluntary behavior learned through consequences

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

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26
Q

Assumed leadership after John Watson

Studied observable and measurable behavior

A

BF SKINNER

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27
Q

Any event of stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

A

CONCEPT OF REINFORCEMENT

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28
Q

Naturally reinforcing by meeting a biological need (hunger, thirst)

A

PRIMARY REINFORCER

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29
Q

Paired with a primary reinforcer

Praise, tokens or 🌟

A

SECONDARY REINFORCER

30
Q

Reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus (will increase probability)

A

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

31
Q

Reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

32
Q

Operant Conditioning:

End Result

A

↑ in rate of already occurring stimulus

33
Q

Classical Conditioning:

End Result

A

New response

34
Q

Operant Conditioning:

Responses

A

VOLUNTARY

35
Q

Classical Conditioning:

Responses

A

INVOLUNTARY

36
Q

Operant Conditioning:

Forming an association

A

CONSEQUENCES

*Reinforcement should be immediate

37
Q

Classical Conditioning:

Forming an association

A

ANTECEDENT STIMULI

*CS must occur immediately before the UCS

38
Q

Tendency for a response that is reinforced after som correct responses will be very resistant to extinction

A

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT

39
Q

Reinforcement given at each & every correct response

A

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT EFFECT

40
Q 
Continuous Reinforcement Effect: 
Same number of responses required for reinforcement ALWAYS
Rapid response rate
Short pauses
Ex. (Punch cards = reward)
A

FIXED RESPONSE

41
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Effect:
Different for each trial or event
Rapid without pauses
Ex. Slot machines, lottery

A

VARIABLE RATIO

42
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Effect:
Interval before reinforcement is always the same
Long pauses after reinforcement
Ex. Paychecks

A

FIXED INTERVAL

43
Q 
Continuous Reinforcement Effect: 
Respond to changes from time to time
Slower, steady rate without pauses
Unpredictable
Ex. Pop quizzes
A

VARIABLE INTERVAL

44
Q

Any event or response that when following a response makes the response less likely to happen
Behavior stops due to _

A

PUNISHMENT

45
Q

Reinforcement:

Positive (adding)

A

Something valued or desirable

46
Q

Punishment:

Positive (adding)

A

Something unpleasant

47
Q

Reinforcement:

Negative (removing)

A

Something unpleasant

48
Q

Punishment:

Negative (removing)

A

Something valued or desirable

49
Q

Kinds of Punishment:

Something unpleasant is added to the situation

A

APPLICATION PUNISHMENT

50
Q

Kinds of Punishment:

Removal of something pleasurable/ desired after behavior

A

REMOVAL PUNISHMENT

51
Q

Problems with punishment (4)

A

Avoidance
Lying
Creates fear and anxiety
Model for aggression

52
Q

Cue to specific response for reinforcement

A

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

53
Q

Small steps toward ultimate goal are reinforced until goal is reached
Reinforce less and less

A

SHAPING

54
Q

Animal’s conditioned behavior reverts to genetic patterns
Ex. Raccoon washing food
Pig rooting (pushes food around)

A

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

55
Q

Application of OC to bring about desired changes in behavior

A

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION

56
Q

Rewarded with tokens

A

USE OF TOKEN ECONOMY

57
Q

Uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Skills are broken down

A

APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

58
Q

Form of biofeedback using brain scanning device to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

A

NEUROFEEDBACK

59
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory:
Gestalt Psychologist
3 groups of rats, same maze (Running Rats)
Cognitive map

A

EDWARD TOLMAN

60
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory:

Learning that remains hidden until application becomes useful

A

LATENT LEARNING

61
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory:
Gestalt psychologist
Sultan the Chimp

A

WOLFGANG KOHLER

62
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory:
Sudden coming together of elements
AHA moment

A

INSIGHT LEARNING

63
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory
Field of positive psychology
Depressed Dogs

A

MARTIN SELIGMAN

64
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory:

Fail to act to escape because of history of repeated failures

A

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

65
Q

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

A

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

66
Q

Observational Learning:
Bobo doll experiment
Adult model performing aggressive behavior

A

ALBERT BANDURA

67
Q

Observational Learning:

To learn from observation, learner must pay _

A

ATTENTION

68
Q

Observational Learning:

Must be able to retain _ of what was done

A

MEMORY

69
Q

Observational Learning:

Must be capable of _ the actions of the model

A

IMITATION

70
Q

Observational Learning:

Must have the desire to perform the action

A

MOTIVATION

PSY101 (7 decks)

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