Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards
System that senses, organizes, alters, stores and retrieves info
MEMORY
Retains what is useful and meaningful
SELECTIVE MEMORY
Only bits and pieces
RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
Cannot take everything in
LIMITED MEMORY
Converting stimuli into memorable brain codes
ENCODING
Holds in encoded info
STORAGE
Pulling info from storage
RETRIEVAL
Models of Memory:
Processing of info for memory storage
Series of 3 stages
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
IPM
Three Stages of Memory (IPM):
1 2 3 4&5
→ Sensory Memory → _____ ⇄⇄ Long Term Memory
- ENCODING
- SELECTIVE ATTENTION
- SHORT TERM MEMORY
- CONSOLIDATION
- RETRIEVAL
Three Stages of Memory (IPM):
How long
Sensory Memory
A second or so
Three Stages of Memory (IPM):
How long
Short Term Memory
15 to 30 seconds
Three Stages of Memory (IPM):
How long
Long Term Memory
indefinitely
Some info may be hard to retrieve
Models of Memory:
Connections and timing of memory processes
Facilitating much faster reactions & decisions
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
PDP
Models of Memory:
Deeply processed
Will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
Shallow to deep
LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING MODEL
LoP
IPM:
First stage of memory
Pattern Recognition
Large but not unlimited
SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory Memory:
Visual
Masking
Eidetic Imagery (photographic memory)
ICONIC MEMORY
Sensory Memory:
Auditory
ECHOIC MEMORY
Ability to focus only on one stimulus from among all sensory input
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
IPM:
Info is held for brief periods of time
SHORT TERM MEMORY
bits of info are combined into meaningful units
CHUNKING
Repeatedly saying something over and over again to keep in memory
MSINTENANCE REHEARSALS
IPM:
Info is kept more or less permanently
LONG TERM MEMORY
Method of transferring meaningful info from STM to LTM
ELABORATIVE MEMORY
Types of Long Term Memory:
Non declarative
Memory of skills, procedures, habits & conditioned responses
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Types of Long Term Memory:
Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness
IMPLICIT MEMORY
Types of Long Term Memory:
Memory of facts
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Types of Long Term Memory:
Memories that are easily made conscious or brought from LTM to STM
EXPLICIT MEMORY
Explicit Memory: General Knowledge (Language, info learned in format education)
SEMANTIC
Explicit Memory:
Personal info/ facts
Not readily available to others
EPISODIC
LTM Organization:
General to Specific
Concepts are more related
SEMANTIC NETWORK’S MODEL
LTM Organization:
Interrelated concepts
Different info can be accessed at the same time (speed)
PDP
Physical changes that takes place in the brain when memory is formed
ENGRAM
Process when an engram is forming
Occurs in deep sleep
CONSOLIDATION
Stimulus for remembering
Ex. Acronyms, Associations, Movements
RETRIEVAL CUES
Place association
ENCODING SPECIFICITY
Encoding Specificity:
Similarity of place help improve memory
CONTEXT DEPENDENT LEARNING
Encoding Specificity:
Same mood during encoding and retrieval
STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING
External cues are matched with stored info
RECOGNITION TASK
One thinks one recognises someone or something but really doesn’t
FALSE POSITIVES
No external cues to match
RECALL TASK
Info at beginning or end will be remembered better
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
Info at the beginning will be remembered better
PRIMACY EFFECT
Info at the end will be remembered better
RECENCY EFFECT
Tendency of certain info to enter LTM with little or no effort in encoding
AUTOMATIC ENCODING
Memory Retrieval:
Misleading info
MISINFORMATION EFFECT
Memory Retrieval:
Inaccurate memories
FALSE MEMORIES
*False Memory Syndrome
Creation of false memories
Failure to properly store info for future use
FORGETTING
Failure to process info into memory (and onto LTM)
ENCODING FAILURE
Normal forgetting due to the passage of time
TRANSCIENCE
Transcience:
A lot of info is lost during the first hour of learning
list of nonsense syllables
EBBINGHAUS’ CURVE OF FORGETTING
Transcience:
Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
fading of __ if not used
MEMORY TRACE DECAY THEORY
Inability to recall info because other info interferes
INTERFERENCE THEORY
Interference Theory:
Old gets in the way of the New
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Interference Theory:
New gets in the way of the Old
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Tip of the tongue
Inability to retrieve sound/ actual spelling of the word though meaning can be recalled
Bits and pieces of info
RETRIEVAL/ RECALL FAILURE
Organic Amnesia:
Forming of New memories become impossible
Old memories may still be retrievable
Ex. Drew Barrymore - 50 first dates
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
Organic Amnesia:
Inability to recall previously learned info
Loss of memory for the past
Electroconvulsive Therapy
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Organic Amnesia:
Memory in the first 2 to 3 years of life
Inability to retrieve from before age 3
INFANTILE AMNESIA
Memory for facts and events related to one’s personal life story
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
Anterograde → Retrograde
Calcification of brain
6 drugs that can slow down progress of this disease (6-12 months only)
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Memory Area of the Brain:
Procedural Memories
CEREBELLUM
Memory Area of the Brain:
STM
PREFRONTAL CORTEX and TEMPORAL LOBES
Memory Area of the Brain:
Semantic and Episodic Memories
FRONTAL and TEMPORAL LOBES
Memory Area of the Brain:
Memory of Fear
AMYGDALA
