Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?

Question 1

What is PSYCHOLOGY?

Answer 1

Study of BEHAVIOR (outward, overt actions & reactions) and MENTAL PROCESSES (internal, covert activity of mind)

Question 2

FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 2

1. Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Control

Question 3

History of Psychology

Answer 3

• Aristotle (relationship of B & Soul)
• Plato (B & S - separated but interrelated)
• Descartes (Modified Dualism: M&B have interaction via pineal gland)

*There is a constant communication between M&B

Question 4

Mapping
Edward Titchener
Mind consists of basic elements
Object Introspection

Answer 4

STRUCTURALISM

Question 5

Identifying the behavior
William James
Adaptation

Answer 5

FUNCTIONALISM

Question 6

Max Wertheimer

“The whole is > than the sum of parts”

Answer 6

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Question 7

Sigmind Freud

Unconscious & conscious

Answer 7

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Question 8

John Watson
influenced by Pavlov’s Work (conditioning)
Observable behavior; phobias

Answer 8

BEHAVIORISM

Question 9

How many Modern Perspectives are there?

Answer 9

SEVEN

Question 10

Modern psychoanalysis
Unconscious influences conscious behavior
Development of sense of self

Answer 10

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Ex: Middle child syndrome
Abandonment issues

Question 11

Operant Conditioning (reinforcement) 
Behavioral responses

Answer 11

BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 12

“Third Force” (Maslow & Rogers)

Free will, self actualization

Answer 12

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Question 13

How people think, remember, store, use information (memory, intelligence, perception etc.)

Answer 13

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Question 14

Social + Cultural Psychology
Explains how people can affect one another
Influence of social norms, fads, class differences, ethnic identity etc.
Cross-cultural research

Answer 14

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 15

Human & animal behavior is a result of events in the body

Answer 15

BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Ex: PMS, Puberty

Question 16

Mental characteristics applied to all humans

Answer 16

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

Question 17

Descriptive Method:

Observe in Normal Environment

Answer 17

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

Question 18

Behaving differently because they know they are being observed

Answer 18

OBSERVER EFFECT

Question 19

Observer is part of the group being observed

Answer 19

PARTICIPANT OBSERVER

Question 20

Present expectations

Answer 20

OBSERVER BIAS

Question 21

Descriptive Method:
Observing in a laboratory setting
Change in natural behavior

Answer 21

LABORATORY OBSERVATION

Question 22

Descriptive Method:
Study of an individual in great detail
Does not apply to other people; vulnerable to bias

Answer 22

CASE STUDIES

Question 23

Descriptive Method:
Form of Interview
Tremendous amount of data
Representative Sample
Courtesy bias
May not be accurate

Answer 23

SURVEYS

Question 24

Psychological Professionals:
Research
Therapy
Teaching
No medical training but with doctorate degree

Answer 24

PSYCHOLOGIST

Question 25

Psychological Professionals:
Prescription
Treatment
Specialized in diagnosis & Treatment

Answer 25

PSYCHIATRIST

Question 26

Psychological Professionals:

Environmental Concerns

Answer 26

PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER

Question 27

Mesuee of relationship between two or more variables

Answer 27

CORRELATIONS

Question 28

Manipulation of variables

Determination of Cause & Effect relationships

Answer 28

EXPERIMENTS

Question 29

Experimental Hazard:

Expectations of participant can influence behavior

Answer 29

PLACEBO EFFECT

Question 30

Experimental Hazard:

Participant is unaware

Answer 30

SINGLE BLIND

Question 31

Experimental Hazard:

Participants should be random

Answer 31

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Question 32

Experimental Hazard:
Expectations unintentionally affect results
&
Neither experimenter nor subjects know if subjects are in experimental or control group

Answer 32

EXPERIMENTER EFFECT
&
DOUBLE BLINDING