Chapter 1: What Is Psychology? Flashcards
What is PSYCHOLOGY?
Study of BEHAVIOR (outward, overt actions & reactions) and MENTAL PROCESSES (internal, covert activity of mind)
FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
- Description
- Explanation
- Prediction
- Control
History of Psychology
- Aristotle (relationship of B & Soul)
- Plato (B & S - separated but interrelated)
- Descartes (Modified Dualism: M&B have interaction via pineal gland)
*There is a constant communication between M&B
Mapping
Edward Titchener
Mind consists of basic elements
Object Introspection
STRUCTURALISM
Identifying the behavior
William James
Adaptation
FUNCTIONALISM
Max Wertheimer
“The whole is > than the sum of parts”
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Sigmind Freud
Unconscious & conscious
PSYCHOANALYSIS
John Watson
influenced by Pavlov’s Work (conditioning)
Observable behavior; phobias
BEHAVIORISM
How many Modern Perspectives are there?
SEVEN
Modern psychoanalysis
Unconscious influences conscious behavior
Development of sense of self
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Ex: Middle child syndrome
Abandonment issues
Operant Conditioning (reinforcement) Behavioral responses
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
“Third Force” (Maslow & Rogers)
Free will, self actualization
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
How people think, remember, store, use information (memory, intelligence, perception etc.)
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Social + Cultural Psychology
Explains how people can affect one another
Influence of social norms, fads, class differences, ethnic identity etc.
Cross-cultural research
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Human & animal behavior is a result of events in the body
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Ex: PMS, Puberty
Mental characteristics applied to all humans
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
Descriptive Method:
Observe in Normal Environment
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Behaving differently because they know they are being observed
OBSERVER EFFECT
Observer is part of the group being observed
PARTICIPANT OBSERVER
Present expectations
OBSERVER BIAS
Descriptive Method:
Observing in a laboratory setting
Change in natural behavior
LABORATORY OBSERVATION
Descriptive Method:
Study of an individual in great detail
Does not apply to other people; vulnerable to bias
CASE STUDIES
Descriptive Method: Form of Interview Tremendous amount of data Representative Sample Courtesy bias May not be accurate
SURVEYS
Psychological Professionals: Research Therapy Teaching No medical training but with doctorate degree
PSYCHOLOGIST
Psychological Professionals:
Prescription
Treatment
Specialized in diagnosis & Treatment
PSYCHIATRIST
Psychological Professionals:
Environmental Concerns
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER
Mesuee of relationship between two or more variables
CORRELATIONS
Manipulation of variables
Determination of Cause & Effect relationships
EXPERIMENTS
Experimental Hazard:
Expectations of participant can influence behavior
PLACEBO EFFECT
Experimental Hazard:
Participant is unaware
SINGLE BLIND
Experimental Hazard:
Participants should be random
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Experimental Hazard:
Expectations unintentionally affect results
&
Neither experimenter nor subjects know if subjects are in experimental or control group
EXPERIMENTER EFFECT
&
DOUBLE BLINDING
