Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards
Three common methods used to investigate the effects of aging on psychological processes
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cross-sequential
A method that has the advantage of following the same subject across time but are limited due to the amount of time and money required to complete the study.
Longitudinal
Method that is cheaper, faster and easier to conduct because they gather information from different age groups at one particular period of time, however there may be individual and history differences
Cross-sectional
A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional techniques and often represent an ideal compromise
Cross-sequential studies
Refers to the influence of everything you inherit genetically from your biological parents
Nature
Refers to the influence of your environment on your development
Nurture
Field of science that studies the interactions of nature, genes and nurture, or the environment
Behavioral genetics
The science of heredity and involves the study of DNA, genes and chromosomes
Genetics
The smallest unit of the three (DNA, genes and chromosomes) and is composed of strands and molecules linked together like a twisted ladder
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The next largest unit after DNA. These are sections of the ladder containing instructions on how to make a specific protein.
Genes
The biggest unit in the study of genetics. These are long strands of DNA twisted together and wound up in coils
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are found in the _____ of all the cells of your body except for ______ cells
Nucleus
Red blood
Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes.
46
First 22 pairs of the chromosomes are called
Autosomes
The last pair of chromosomes (23rd) is called the
Sex chromosomes
Genes that are more likely to influence the trait
Dominant
Almost all traits are determined by multiple gene pairs. This is called
Polygenic inheritance
Represents the beginning of life
Conception
Occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg or ovum
Fertilization
A single cell with 46 chromosomes (23 from sperm and 23 from the egg)
Zygote
Result from the zygote splitting into two separate masses early in the division process
Monozygotic (or identical) twins
Result from two eggs being fertilized by two separate sperm
Dizygotic (or fraternal) twins
Result from an incomplete separation of the zygotic mass
Conjoined twins
First two weeks of pregnancy after fertilization during which the zygote migrates down to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall
Germinal period
These begin to develop during the germinal period
Placenta and umbilical cord
Lasts from about 2-8 weeks, after which the embryo is about one inch long with primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms and legs
Embryonic period
Times in development during which an environmental influence can impact the development of the fetus.
Critical periods
The environmental influences that can negatively impact the development of the fetus
Teratogens
Lasts from the eighth week after conception to the end of the pregnancy
Fetal period
Tremendous growth of the fetus occurs during this period
Fetal period
A baby is considered preterm if it is born before the ___ week of pregnancy
38th
Most miscarriages also called _____ occur in the first ___ months of a pregnancy
Spontaneous abortions
Three
Five innate reflexes of infants:
Grasping Startle Rooting Stepping Sucking
Most developed sense of an infant
Touch
Least functional sense of an infant
Vision
___ are developed at birth but ___ must develop over a six-month time period
Rods
Cones
He believed that the primary factor in the development of a child’s cognitive abilities was the child’s interactions with objects in the environment
Jean Piaget
Piaget believed that this is the primary factor in the development of children’s cognitive abilities
Interaction with objects in the environment
Children form mental concepts or _____ as they experience new situations and events
Schemes
Stages of cognitive development according to Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational
Formal operational
This stage (from infancy to age 2) involves the use of the senses and muscles to learn about the environment
Sensorimotor
In the sensorimotor stage, symbolic thought and ____ develops
Object permanence
This stage (age 2-7) involves language and concept development through the process of asking questions
Preoperational
Children in the preoperational stage show characteristics of
Egocentrism
Centration
Irreversibility
This stage (7-12) includes development of concepts such as ______ and reversible thinking. Children are still unable to deal with abstract concepts.
Concrete operational
Conservation
Final stage of cognitive development (12–) Abstract and hypothetical thinking develops
Formal Operational
A Russian psychologist who felt that the primary factor in development was the social environment
Lev Vygotsky
A concept wherein a more highly skilled person gives the learner help and then stops as the learner develops on his or her own
Scaffolding
Vygostky believed that each child has a _______ which is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he or she can do with the help of a teacher
Zone of proximal development
Stages of language development
Cooing Babbling Holophrases Telegraphic speech Whole sentences
Refers to the behavioral and emotional characteristics observed in infancy
Temperament
Three types of temperaments
Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up
The emotional bond between an infant and caregiver
Attachment
Studied attachment using the Strange situation and observed four attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth
Four attachment styles
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganized/disoriented
Studied the nature of attachment behaviors by observing monkeys interact with two different “surrogate” mothers
Harry harlow
Harry harlow found that this is an important factor in attachment
Contact comfort
He proposed an eight-stage theory of developed with each stage involving an emotional crisis in the individual’s social interactions
Erik Erikson
First four crises which occurs during infancy and childchood
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiation vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
The period of time around age 14 to the early 20s and is most clearly identified by the physical changes that occur in puberty
Adolescence
A thought process wherein adolescents feel they are different from all others
Personal fable
A thought process wherein the adolescent is convinced that everyone is looking at him or her
Imaginary audience
Proposed a theory about the development of moral thinking and divided the development into three levels
Lawrence Kohlberg
Three levels of the development of moral thinking according to Lawrence Kohlberg
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
A level of moral thinking development during which the individual conforms to social norms
Pre conventional
A level of moral thinking development during which time the consequences determine morality
Conventional
A level of moral thinking development during which a person’s individual moral principles determine right and wrong
Postconventional
Social crisis proposed by Erikson for the period of adolescence
Identity vs role confusion
Menopause for women, _____ for men
Andromache
The three psychosocial developmental stages for adulthood
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Ego integrity vs despair
A term which refers to a sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and possessing the ability to let go of regrets
Ego integrity
She proposed three basic parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
Three basic parenting styles
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Permissive parents can either be ____ or ____
Permissive neglectful
Permissive indulgent
This theory suggests that cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce
Cellular clock theory
Proposed that aging is a result of outside stressors such as physical exertion and bodily damage
Wear and tear theory
States that as people get older, more and more free radicals accumulate in their bodies
Free radical theory
Suggests that elderly people adjust more positively to aging when they remain active in some way
Activity theory
She proposed a well-known theory of the dying process
Elizabeth Kubler Ross
According to Kubler-Ross, people experience a series of five different emotions:
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death
Human development
