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Psychology > Chapter 8: Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Three common methods used to investigate the effects of aging on psychological processes

A

Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cross-sequential

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2
Q

A method that has the advantage of following the same subject across time but are limited due to the amount of time and money required to complete the study.

A

Longitudinal

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3
Q

Method that is cheaper, faster and easier to conduct because they gather information from different age groups at one particular period of time, however there may be individual and history differences

A

Cross-sectional

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4
Q

A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional techniques and often represent an ideal compromise

A

Cross-sequential studies

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5
Q

Refers to the influence of everything you inherit genetically from your biological parents

A

Nature

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6
Q

Refers to the influence of your environment on your development

A

Nurture

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7
Q

Field of science that studies the interactions of nature, genes and nurture, or the environment

A

Behavioral genetics

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8
Q

The science of heredity and involves the study of DNA, genes and chromosomes

A

Genetics

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9
Q

The smallest unit of the three (DNA, genes and chromosomes) and is composed of strands and molecules linked together like a twisted ladder

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

The next largest unit after DNA. These are sections of the ladder containing instructions on how to make a specific protein.

A

Genes

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11
Q

The biggest unit in the study of genetics. These are long strands of DNA twisted together and wound up in coils

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosomes are found in the _____ of all the cells of your body except for ______ cells

A

Nucleus

Red blood

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13
Q

Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes.

A

46

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14
Q

First 22 pairs of the chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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15
Q

The last pair of chromosomes (23rd) is called the

A

Sex chromosomes

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16
Q

Genes that are more likely to influence the trait

A

Dominant

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17
Q

Almost all traits are determined by multiple gene pairs. This is called

A

Polygenic inheritance

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18
Q

Represents the beginning of life

A

Conception

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19
Q

Occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg or ovum

A

Fertilization

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20
Q

A single cell with 46 chromosomes (23 from sperm and 23 from the egg)

A

Zygote

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21
Q

Result from the zygote splitting into two separate masses early in the division process

A

Monozygotic (or identical) twins

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22
Q

Result from two eggs being fertilized by two separate sperm

A

Dizygotic (or fraternal) twins

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23
Q

Result from an incomplete separation of the zygotic mass

A

Conjoined twins

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24
Q

First two weeks of pregnancy after fertilization during which the zygote migrates down to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall

A

Germinal period

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25
Q

These begin to develop during the germinal period

A

Placenta and umbilical cord

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26
Q

Lasts from about 2-8 weeks, after which the embryo is about one inch long with primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms and legs

A

Embryonic period

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27
Q

Times in development during which an environmental influence can impact the development of the fetus.

A

Critical periods

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28
Q

The environmental influences that can negatively impact the development of the fetus

A

Teratogens

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29
Q

Lasts from the eighth week after conception to the end of the pregnancy

A

Fetal period

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30
Q

Tremendous growth of the fetus occurs during this period

A

Fetal period

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31
Q

A baby is considered preterm if it is born before the ___ week of pregnancy

A

38th

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32
Q

Most miscarriages also called _____ occur in the first ___ months of a pregnancy

A

Spontaneous abortions

Three

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33
Q

Five innate reflexes of infants:

A 
Grasping
Startle
Rooting
Stepping
Sucking
34
Q

Most developed sense of an infant

A

Touch

35
Q

Least functional sense of an infant

A

Vision

36
Q

___ are developed at birth but ___ must develop over a six-month time period

A

Rods

Cones

37
Q

He believed that the primary factor in the development of a child’s cognitive abilities was the child’s interactions with objects in the environment

A

Jean Piaget

38
Q

Piaget believed that this is the primary factor in the development of children’s cognitive abilities

A

Interaction with objects in the environment

39
Q

Children form mental concepts or _____ as they experience new situations and events

A

Schemes

40
Q

Stages of cognitive development according to Piaget

A

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational
Formal operational

41
Q

This stage (from infancy to age 2) involves the use of the senses and muscles to learn about the environment

A

Sensorimotor

42
Q

In the sensorimotor stage, symbolic thought and ____ develops

A

Object permanence

43
Q

This stage (age 2-7) involves language and concept development through the process of asking questions

A

Preoperational

44
Q

Children in the preoperational stage show characteristics of

A

Egocentrism
Centration
Irreversibility

45
Q

This stage (7-12) includes development of concepts such as ______ and reversible thinking. Children are still unable to deal with abstract concepts.

A

Concrete operational

Conservation

46
Q

Final stage of cognitive development (12–) Abstract and hypothetical thinking develops

A

Formal Operational

47
Q

A Russian psychologist who felt that the primary factor in development was the social environment

A

Lev Vygotsky

48
Q

A concept wherein a more highly skilled person gives the learner help and then stops as the learner develops on his or her own

A

Scaffolding

49
Q

Vygostky believed that each child has a _______ which is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he or she can do with the help of a teacher

A

Zone of proximal development

50
Q

Stages of language development

A 
Cooing
Babbling
Holophrases
Telegraphic speech
Whole sentences
51
Q

Refers to the behavioral and emotional characteristics observed in infancy

A

Temperament

52
Q

Three types of temperaments

A

Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up

53
Q

The emotional bond between an infant and caregiver

A

Attachment

54
Q

Studied attachment using the Strange situation and observed four attachment styles

A

Mary Ainsworth

55
Q

Four attachment styles

A

Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganized/disoriented

56
Q

Studied the nature of attachment behaviors by observing monkeys interact with two different “surrogate” mothers

A

Harry harlow

57
Q

Harry harlow found that this is an important factor in attachment

A

Contact comfort

58
Q

He proposed an eight-stage theory of developed with each stage involving an emotional crisis in the individual’s social interactions

A

Erik Erikson

59
Q

First four crises which occurs during infancy and childchood

A

Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiation vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority

60
Q

The period of time around age 14 to the early 20s and is most clearly identified by the physical changes that occur in puberty

A

Adolescence

61
Q

A thought process wherein adolescents feel they are different from all others

A

Personal fable

62
Q

A thought process wherein the adolescent is convinced that everyone is looking at him or her

A

Imaginary audience

63
Q

Proposed a theory about the development of moral thinking and divided the development into three levels

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

64
Q

Three levels of the development of moral thinking according to Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

65
Q

A level of moral thinking development during which the individual conforms to social norms

A

Pre conventional

66
Q

A level of moral thinking development during which time the consequences determine morality

A

Conventional

67
Q

A level of moral thinking development during which a person’s individual moral principles determine right and wrong

A

Postconventional

68
Q

Social crisis proposed by Erikson for the period of adolescence

A

Identity vs role confusion

69
Q

Menopause for women, _____ for men

A

Andromache

70
Q

The three psychosocial developmental stages for adulthood

A

Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Ego integrity vs despair

71
Q

A term which refers to a sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and possessing the ability to let go of regrets

A

Ego integrity

72
Q

She proposed three basic parenting styles

A

Diana Baumrind

73
Q

Three basic parenting styles

A

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

74
Q

Permissive parents can either be ____ or ____

A

Permissive neglectful

Permissive indulgent

75
Q

This theory suggests that cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce

A

Cellular clock theory

76
Q

Proposed that aging is a result of outside stressors such as physical exertion and bodily damage

A

Wear and tear theory

77
Q

States that as people get older, more and more free radicals accumulate in their bodies

A

Free radical theory

78
Q

Suggests that elderly people adjust more positively to aging when they remain active in some way

A

Activity theory

79
Q

She proposed a well-known theory of the dying process

A

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

80
Q

According to Kubler-Ross, people experience a series of five different emotions:

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
81
Q

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death

A

Human development

Psychology (6 decks)

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