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Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Field that studies how the nervous system works

A

Behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology

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2
Q

The cells in the nervous system that carry information

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Information enters a neuron at the

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

Information enters the neuron and flows through the cell body or

A

Soma

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5
Q

Information enters a neuron to flow through the cell body and down the

A

Axon

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6
Q

These cells make up 90% of the nervous system. Provides food, support, and insulation to the neurons

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

The insulation around the neuron is called

A

Myelin

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8
Q

Bundles of myelin coated axons are wrapped together in cable like structures called

A

Nerves

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9
Q

Movement of the electrical signal down the length of the cell

A

Action potential

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10
Q

The positive charges get pumped back out of the cell and the neuron returns to its negatively charged state

A

Resting potential

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11
Q

The neuron either has an action potential or not

A

All or none phenomenon

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12
Q

The other end of the neuron

A

Axon terminal

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13
Q

Very tip of the axon terminal

A

Synaptic knob

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14
Q

Fluid filled space between two gaps

A

Synapse

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15
Q

The chemical signals neurons use to communication with its target cell

A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

When the neurotransmitter increases the likelihood of an action potential in the target cell

A

Excitatory synapse

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter decreases the likelihood of an action potential

A

Inhibitory synapse

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18
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter that causes your muscles to contract and has a role in cognition, particularly memory

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

An inhibitory NT that decreases the activity level of neurons in your brain

A

GABA

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20
Q

Functions both as an excitatory and inhibitory NT and has been linked with sleep, mood and appetite

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

Low levels of this NT causes Parkinson’s Disease

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

Increased levels of this NT lead to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Special NTs called a neural regulator that controls the release of other NTS

A

Endorphin

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24
Q

Different Types of NT are cleared out of the synaptic gap through the processes of diffusion, enzymatic degradation and

A

Reuptake

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25
Q

Made up of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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26
Q

Made up of a complex network of cells throughout your body

A

Nervous system

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27
Q

Chemicals that are not naturally found in your body.

A

Agonists and antagonists

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28
Q

Lead a similar response in the target cell as the neurotransmitter itself

A

Agonists

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29
Q

Block or reduce the action of the neurotransmitter on the target cell

A

Antagonists

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30
Q

A long bundle of neurons that transmits messages between the brain and the body.

A

Spinal cord

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31
Q

This is where the cell bodies or somas of the neurons are located

A

Along the inside of the spinal cord and the cell axons along the outside of the spinal cord

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32
Q

Sends information from your senses to the spinal cord

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons

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33
Q

send commands from the spinal cord to your muscles

A

Efferent (motor neurons)

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34
Q

Connect sensory and motor neurons and help to coordinate the signals

A

Interneurons

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35
Q

Afferent, efferent and Interneurons act together in the spinal cord to form a

A

Reflex arc

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36
Q

Ability of the brain and the spinal cord to change both in structure and function is referred to as

A

Neuroplasticity

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37
Q

One type of cell that facilitates the ability of the brain and spinal cord to change both in structure and function

A

Stem cell

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38
Q

Made up of all the nerves and neurons that are NOT in the brain or spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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39
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts

A

Somatic nervous and autonomic nervous

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40
Q

This nervous system consists of all the nerves coming from your sensory systems

A

Somatic nervous system

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41
Q

Sensory systems are also called

A

Sensory pathway

42
Q

All the nerves going to the skeletal muscles that control your voluntary movements

A

Motor pathway

43
Q

Made up of the nerves going to and from your organs, glands, involuntary muscles and is divided into two parts

A

Autonomic nervous system

44
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic

45
Q

Turns on the body’s fight or flight reactions which include responses such as increased heart rate, increased breathing and dilation of your pupils

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

Controls your body when you are in a state of rest to keep the heart beating regularly, to control normal breathing and the coordinate digestion

A

Parasympathetic

47
Q

The division that is active most of the time

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

Represents a second communication system in the body

A

Endocrine glands

49
Q

Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete chemicals called

A

Hormones

50
Q

Located in the brain and secretes the hormones that control milk production, salt levels, and the activity of your glands

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

Also located in the brain and secretes melatonin. Helps to track day length and contributed to the regulation of the sleep

A

Pineal gland

52
Q

Located in the neck and releases a hormone that regulates metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

53
Q

Controls the level of blood sugar in the body

A

Pancreas

54
Q

Regulate sexual behavior and reproduction (ovaries in female and testes in males)

A

Gonad sex glands

55
Q

These glands are divided into two sections that play a critical role in regulating the body’s response to stress

A

Adrenal glands

56
Q

A section of the adrenal gland that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

57
Q

A section of the adrenal gland that releases stress hormones such as cortisol

A

Adrenal cortex

58
Q

Destroying a specific area of the brain

A

Deep lesioning

59
Q

Stimulating a specific brain area

A

Electrical stimulation of the brain ESB

60
Q

Used to treat Parkinson’s disease

A

Deep brain stimulation DBS

61
Q

Treats post traumatic stress disorder

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

62
Q

Pictures the structures of the brain

A

CT scan or MRI

63
Q

Use X-rays to create images of the structures within the brain

A

CT scans

64
Q

Uses a magnetic field to take a picture of the brain

A

Magnetic resonance images MRI

65
Q

Provides a record of the electrical activity of groups of neurons just below the surface of the skull

A

Electroencephalogram EEG

66
Q

Uses magnetic fields in the same way as an MRI but pieces the pictures together to show changes over a short period of time

A

fMRI

67
Q

Involves injecting a person with a low dose of radioactive substance and then recording the activity of that substance in the persons brain

A

Positron emission tomography PET

68
Q

functions similarly to the PET scan but uses a somewhat different radio tracer technique

A

single photon emission computer tomography SPECT

69
Q

The brain can be divided into three sections

A

Brainstem, cortex and the structures under the cortex

70
Q

Lowest part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord

A

Brain stem

71
Q

Outer wrinkled covering of the brain

A

Cortex

72
Q

Controls life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat breathing and swallowing (brain stem)

A

Medulla

73
Q

Influences sleep, dreaming and coordination of movements (brain stem )

A

Pons

74
Q

Controls all of the movements you make without really thinking about it (brain stem)

A

Cerebellum

75
Q

One main group of structures under the cortex

A

Limbic system

76
Q

Receives input from your sensory system, processes it and then passed it on the appropriate area of the cortex (limbic)

A

Thalamus

77
Q

Interacts with the endocrine system to regulate body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping, sexual activity and mood (FOUR F)
Also critical for the formation of long term memories and for memories of the locations of objects (limbic)

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

A small almond-shaped structure that is involved in your response to fear (limbic)

A

Amygdala

79
Q

Plays an important role in both emotion and cognition (limbic)

A

Cingulate cortex

80
Q

A process where the cortex is wrinkled to increase its surface within the bony skull

A

Corticalization

81
Q

The cortex is divided into right and left sections called

A

Cerebral hemispheres

82
Q

The two hemispheres communicate with each other through a thick band of neurons called the
It is located immediately below the cingulate cortex

A

Corpus callosum

83
Q

Cerebral hemispheres can be divided into four sections called lobes

A

Occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal

84
Q

A lobe at the back of the brain and processes visual information

A

Occipital lobe

85
Q

Located at the top and back half of the brain and deal with information regarding touch, temperature, body position and possibly taste

A

Parietal lobes

86
Q

Just behind your temples and process auditory information

A

Temporal lobes

87
Q

Located at the front of your head and are responsible for higher mental functions such as planning, personality and decision making as well as language and motor movements

A

Frontal lobes

88
Q

Motor movements are controlled by a band of neurons called

Which Is located at the back of the frontal lobe

A

Motor cortex

89
Q

Neurons that fire when you perform an action and also when you see someone perform that action

A

Mirror neurons

90
Q

Areas within each of the lobes that are responsible for making sense of all the incoming information

A

Association areas

91
Q

Located in the left frontal lobe in most people and is responsible for language production

A

Broca’s area

92
Q

A condition where a person have trouble producing the words he or she wants to speak

A

Broca’s aphasia

93
Q

Comprehension of language takes place in

Located in the left temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

94
Q

Language disorder where individuals are often still able to speak fluently but their words do not make sense

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

95
Q

Damage to the right parietal and occipital lobes can cause a condition known as
In which the individual ignores objects or body parts in their left visual field

A

Spatial neglect

96
Q

Made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and the structures connecting them

A

Cerebrum

97
Q

This helped scientists to figure out that the two cerebral hemispheres are not identical

A

Split Brain research of roger sperry

98
Q

This hemisphere is typically more active when a person is using language math and other analytical skills

A

Left

99
Q

This hemisphere shows more activity during tasks of perception recognition and expression of emotions

A

Right

100
Q

The split in the tasks of the brain is referred to as

A

Lateralization

Psychology (6 decks)

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