Chapter 6 Flashcards
All the current models of memory involve
Encoding, storage and retrieval
A model of memory which proposes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the depth to which it was processed
Levels-of-processing
A model which proposes that memories are created and stored across a network of neutral circuits simultaneously or in other words, in a parallel fashion
Parallel distributed processing model
A model which proposes that memory is divided into sensory, short term, and long term
Information-processing model
Information processing model is divided into three components:
Sensory, short term and long term
First stage of memory and involves information from our sensory systems
Sensory memory
Visual sensory memory that was studied by _____. Describes that everything that can be seen at one time has only a duration of half a second
Iconic memory, George spelling
Known as photographic memory, the ability to access visual sensory memory over a long period of time
Eidetic imagery
Memory of auditory information and had the capacity of what can be heard at any one moment and has a duration of two seconds
Echoic memory
The process in which information moved from sensory memory to short term memory
Selective attention
Another name for short term memory
Working memory
Studied the capacity of short term memory using the digit span memory test
George Miller
The process of reorganizing the information into meaningful units
Chunking
Duration of short term memory without rehearsal
10-30 seconds
Describes the process of continuing to pay attention to a piece of information
Maintenance rehearsal
Third stage of memory proposed by the information-processing theory and has an essentially capacity and duration
Long term memory
A way of transferring information by making it meaningful
Elaborating rehearsal
Long term memories can be divided into two types
Procedural and declarative
Memories for skills and habits, for things people can do.
Procedural or nondeclarative
Memories of facts, or things people can know
Declarative
Two types of declarative memories
Semantic and episodic
Memory for the meaning of words and concepts
Semantic
The memory of events and episodes
Episodic memory
Procedural memories are stored in the
Cerebellum and amygdala
Declarative memories involve the
Frontal and temporal lobes
Procedural memory is sometimes referred to as
Nearly impossible to state in words
Implicit memory
Declarative memory AKA
Easily verbalized
Explicit memory
Suggests that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other
Semantic network model
Describes the process of pulling memories out of long term memory
Retrieval
A stimulus that aids in the process of remembering
Retrieval cue
When the environment is which you learned an item serves as a retrieval cue, it is referred to as
Encoding specificity
If an emotional state serves as a retrieval cue it is called
State-dependent learning
Information can be retrieved through the process of __, such as filling the blanks or ___, such as multiple choice questions in which the correct answer needs only to be recognized
Recall and recognition
Describes finding that information at the beginning and end of a list is more likely to be remembered than the info in the middle
Serial position effect
Proposes that the information at the beginning of the list is remembered due to rehearsal
Primacy effect
Proposes that the info at the end of the list is remembered due to the fact that it is still in short term memory
Recency effect
Occurs when someone recognizes a piece of info as a memory even though it did not happen
False positive
Spent more than 30 yrs investigating the reliability of eyewitness memories
Elizabeth Loftus
A term used to describe the memory process when we aren’t actively paying attention to the information
Automatic encoding
A specific type of automatic encoding that occurs when an unexpected and often emotional event occurs
Flashbulb memory
Retrieval of memories is a
Constructive process
False information presented after an event influences the memory of that event
Misinformation effect
When suggestions from others create inaccurate or false memories this is referred to as
False memory syndrome
Tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have been able to accurately predict a result
Hindsight bias
One of the first scientists to systematically study the process of forgetting
Herman Ebbinghaus
Ebbinghaus presented his findings in a visual graph called the
Curve of forgetting
Causes of forgetting
Encoding failure
Decay of memory trace
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Occurs when the information does not make it past the initial encoding process and never really becomes a memory
Encoding failure
Occurs when info from the past disrupts newly learned info
Proactive interference
Occurs when they newly learned info interferes with the memories of the info from the past
Retroactive interference
A technique which greatly improves memory if study sessions are spaced out
Distributed practice
Storage of short term memories
Prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobe
Process of physically storing a memory in your brain and consists of a number of changes including an increase in receptor sites, increased sensitivity
Consolidation
A specific protein which may control the production of new proteins within the mammalian nervous system
4E-BP2
Been found to play an important role in the formation of new memories
Hippocampus
A disorder characterized by severe memory loss
Amnesia
An inability to retrieve memories from the past
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to remember events from the first few years of life has been described as
Infantile amnesia
Type of dementia that is associated with severe memory loss
Alzheimer’s disease
An active system that receives information from the senses, organized and alters it as it stores it and then retrieves information from storage
Memory
