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Psychology > Chapter 13: Theories Of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Theories Of Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Two components of personality

A

Character and temperament

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2
Q

A component of personality which refers to value judgments made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior

A

Character

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3
Q

A component of personality which refers to the enduring characteristics a person is born with

A

Temperament

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4
Q

Four perspectives regarding personality

A

Psychoanalytic
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Trait perspectives

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5
Q

This perspective originated with the theories of Freud and focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts and desires

A

Psychoanalytic

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6
Q

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts:

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

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7
Q

Part of the mind which contains all the things a person is aware of at any given moment

A

Conscious

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8
Q

Part of the mind which contains all the memories and facts that can be recalled with only minimal effort

A

Preconscious

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9
Q

Part of the mind which remains hidden at all times

A

Unconscious

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10
Q

Freud believed that personality can be divided into three components

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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11
Q

Component of personality that resides completely in the unconscious mind and represents the most primitive part of the personality containing basic biological drives such as hunger, thirst and sex

A

Id

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12
Q

The id operates on the __ which attempts to seek immediate gratification of needs with no regard for consequences

A

Pleasure principle

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13
Q

Refers to the psychological tension created by a person’s unconscious desires

A

Libido

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14
Q

Represents the mostly conscious and rational aspect of personality

A

Ego

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15
Q

Ego operates on the __ attempting to satisfy the desires of the id in a way that will minimize negative consequences

A

Reality principle

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16
Q

The last part of the personality to develop and represents the moral center of personality

A

Superego

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17
Q

The superego contains the __

A

Conscience

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18
Q

The __ demands immediate satisfaction
The __ places restrictions on which behaviors are morally acceptable
The __ is left in the middle to come up with a compromise

A

Id
Superego
Ego

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19
Q

Ways of dealing with stress through unconsciously distorting one’s perception of reality

A

Psychological defense mechanisms

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20
Q

10 defense mechanisms

A 
Denial
Repression
Rationalization
Projection
Reaction formation
Displacement
Regression
Identification
Compensation (substitution)
Sublimation
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21
Q

Unresolved conflicts at any of the psychosexual stages can lead to __

A

Fixation

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22
Q

First psychosexual stage wherein the erogenous zone is the mouth

A

Oral

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23
Q

Second psychosexual stage during which the anus serves as the erogenous zone and the conflict centers around toilet training

A

Anal stage

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24
Q

Third psychosexual stage and focuses on the child’s own genitals

A

Phallic

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25
Q

Process that leads to the development of the superego

A

Identification

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26
Q

Fourth psychosexual stage which consists of repressed sexual feelings during which children focus on intellectual, physical and social development but not sexual development

A

Latency stage

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27
Q

Final psychosexual stage that occurs around the start of puberty when sexual feelings can no longer be repressed

A

Genital stage

28
Q

Psychologists who agreed with Freud’s theories but not all aspects

A

Neo-Freudians

29
Q

He believed that there were two parts of the unconscious

A

Carl Gustav Jung

30
Q

Two parts of the unconscious

A

Personal unconscious

Collective unconscious

31
Q

Part of the unconscious which contains universal human memories called ____

A

Collective unconscious

Archetypes

32
Q

He believed that the motivating factor of behavior was not the pleasure-seeking drive of the libido suggested by Freud, but rather the seeking of superiority through defense mechanisms such as compensation

A

Alfred Adler

33
Q

She disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality and thought personalities were shaped more by a child’s sense of basic anxiety

A

Karen Horney

34
Q

A child’s basic anxiety, if unattended, could lead to the development of

A

Neurotic personalities

35
Q

Personality consists of a set of learned responses or

A

Habits

36
Q

Theorists who emphasize the role of conditioning along with an individual’s thought processes in the development of personality

A

Social Cognitive Learning theorists

37
Q

A proponent of the _____, he suggested that the environment, behavior and personal/cognitive factors all act together to determine an individual’s actions

A

Social Cognitive View

Albert Bandura

38
Q

Process wherein the environment, behavior and personal/cognitive factors all act together to determine an individual’s actions

A

Reciprocal determinism

39
Q

An important component of the cognitive factors which is a perception of how effective a behavior will be in a particular context

A

Self-efficacy

40
Q

He proposed that individual’s develop a relatively set way of responding and this behavior represented “personality.”

A

Julian Rotter

41
Q

An important determinant of the individual’s response was his or her sense of

A

Locus of control

42
Q

The individual’s __ and the response’s reinforcement value were the two key factors that determined how an individual would react

A

Expectancy

43
Q

Perspective of personality which focuses more on qualities that are considered uniquely human such as free will and subjective emotions

A

Humanistic perspective

44
Q

He proposed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities

A

Carl Rogers

45
Q

Process wherein humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities

A

Self-actualizing tendency

46
Q

Defined as warmth, affection, love and respect that comes from significant others

A

Positive regard

47
Q

In order for an individual to work toward self-actualization, they need to be exposed to a certain level of

A

Unconditional positive regard

48
Q

Rogers felt that this would restrict a person’s ability to become a fully functioning person

A

Conditional positive regard

49
Q

An individual’s image of oneself

A

Self-concept

50
Q

Self-concept can be divided into a __ and an __

A

Real self

Ideal self

51
Q

Theories focused on describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description

A

Trait theories

52
Q

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling or behaving

A

Trait

53
Q

He identified approximately 200 traits in the English language that he felt were wired into each person’s nervous system

A

Gordon Allport

54
Q

He narrowed the number of traits down further by dividing traits into surface traits and source traits

A

Raymond Cattell

55
Q

An example of a source trait

A

Introversion

56
Q

Five source traits of the Five Factor Model

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extra version 
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
57
Q

Studies the role of inherited traits in personality

A

Behavioral genetics

58
Q

He conducted a cross-cultural study for IBM that resulted in a description of each country along four basic dimensions

A

Geert Hofstede

59
Q

Four basic dimensions studied by Hofstede

A

Individualism/collectivism
Power distance
Masculinity/Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance

60
Q

A method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer in either a structured or unstructured manner

A

Interview

61
Q

The tendency of a person’s first impression to influence later assessments

A

Halo effect

62
Q

Tests which attempts to assess a person’s unconscious conflicts or desires by having them projected onto an ambiguous visual stimulus

A

Projective tests

63
Q

Two of the most commonly used projective tests

A

Rorschach inkblot test

Thematic apperception test

64
Q

A method of personality assessment wherein an individual would be observed in a specific setting

A

Direct observation

65
Q

Used to record an individual’s behaviors during direct observation

A

Rating scale

Frequency count

66
Q

Questionnaire that has a standard list of questions that require specific answers

A

Personality inventory

67
Q

Unique way in which each individual thinks, acts and feels throughout life

A

Personality

Psychology (6 decks)

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