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Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice (as opposed to changes brought about by maturation)

A

Learning

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2
Q

A Russian psychologist who discovered one of the simplest forms of learning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

One of the simplest forms of learning

A

Classical conditioning

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4
Q

An involuntary response that is not under personal choice or control

A

Reflex

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5
Q

Repeated pairing of NS (neutral stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

A

acquisition

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6
Q

Ability of a stimulus that resembles the Conditioned Stimulus to produce a Conditioned Response

A

Stimulus generalization

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7
Q

Learning to respond to different stimuli in different ways

A

Stimulus discrimination

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8
Q

Occurs after the Conditioned Stimulus is repeatedly presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus no long produces a Conditioned Response

A

Extinction

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9
Q

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented after being absent for a period of time and produces a mild Conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

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10
Q

Process where a powerful conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus itself can function as an unconditioned stimulus and turn the neutral stimulus into a second conditioned stimulus

A

Higher order conditioning

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11
Q

The process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the environment around us

A

Learning

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12
Q

When a person becomes classically conditioned simply by watching someone else respond to a stimulus

A

Vicarious conditioning

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13
Q

Unique form of classical conditioning that can occur with only one neutral stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing

A

Conditioned taste aversion

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14
Q

Conditioning is believed to occur so rapidly due to the _____ of most mammals

A

Biological preparedness

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15
Q

The process in which the close pairing in time of the CS with the UCS eventually leads to the CS serving as a substitute stimulus for the UCS and activating the same brain area as the UCS

A

Stimulus substitution

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16
Q

Type of learning more strongly associated with voluntary behavior and is based on _____ work

A

Operant conditioning, Edward thorndike

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17
Q

States that if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated

A

Law of effect

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18
Q

Expanded on Thorndike’s law of effect and coined the term operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner

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19
Q

Refers to any voluntary behavior

A

Operant

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20
Q

A conditioning that focuses on what happens before the response

A

Classical

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21
Q

A conditioning that focuses on what happens after the response

A

Operant

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22
Q

A type of reinforcer that satisfies basic needs and don’t need to be learned

A

Primary reinforcers

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23
Q

A type of reinforcer that get their reinforcing power through prior associations with a primary reinforcer and thus are learned

A

Secondary reinforcers

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24
Q

Adding a pleasurable consequence after a response occurs

A

Positive reinforcement

25
Q

Removing something unpleasant after a response occurs

A

Negative reinforcement

26
Q

Occurs when a reinforcer is presented after every response

A

Continuous reinforcement

27
Q

Takes longer to go through extinction, more resistant to extinction

A

Partial reinforcement/partial reinforcement effect

28
Q

Timing of partial reinforcement

A

Schedule of reinforcement

29
Q

Occurs when a reinforcer depends on the number of responses that are made

A

Ratio schedule

30
Q

Reinforcers are presented after a certain period of time has passed

A

Interval schedule

31
Q

If the reinforcers are always given after a set period of time or number of responses, the schedule is said to be

A

Fixed

32
Q

If the reinforcer is given after varying periods of time or number of responses the schedule is labeled as

A

Variable

33
Q

Decreases the likelihood of a response

A

Punishment

34
Q

Any consequence of a response that causes that response to be less likely to happen again

A

Punishment

35
Q

While _____ strengthens a response that already exists, ________ eliminates the response

A

Reinforcement, punishment

36
Q

Situation wherein a response is followed by the addition of something unpleasant

A

Punishment by application

37
Q

Effect of punishment by application

A

Child avoids punisher
Encourage lying to avoid punishment
Creates fear and anxiety
Hitting becomes model for aggression

38
Q

Occurs when a response is followed by the removal of something pleasant

A

Punishment by removal

39
Q

What to do to make punishment more effective

A

Administer immediately after the undesired behavior
Administer consistently
Pair with reinforcement for the right behavior

40
Q

Involves the use of operant conditioning to reward successive approximations until the desired response is obtained

A

Shaping

41
Q

Removal of reinforcement

A

Extinction

42
Q

Occurs when an organism attempts a previously learned response in order to receive a reward

A

Spontaneous recovery

43
Q

Defined as any stimulus that provides an organism with a signal or cue for making a certain response in order to get reinforcement

A

Discriminative stimulus

44
Q

Tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns

A

Instinctive drift

45
Q

Used to describe the process of using operant conditioning to change behavior

A

Behavior modification

46
Q

Involves the use of tokens to modify behavior

A

Token economy

47
Q

Uses shaping techniques to obtain a desired behavior and is particularly successful with children with disorders

A

Applied behavior analysis

48
Q

Technique that uses operant conditioning to modify involuntary behaviors such as blood pressure and heart rate

A

Biofeedback

49
Q

Uses operant conditioning to try to change brain activity

A

Neurofeedback

50
Q

Focuses on the mental processes that occur during learning

A

Cognitive learning

51
Q

He studied the phenomenon of latent learning

A

Edward Tolman

52
Q

When subjects are subsequently reinforced, learning occurs much faster

A

Latent learning

53
Q

Studied a phenomenon he called learned helplessness

A

Martin Seligman

54
Q

Cognitive psychologist who studied the phenomenon of insight learning in animals

A

Wolfgang Kohler

55
Q

Involved a sudden perception of relationships that could not be gained through trial-and-error learning

A

Insight learning

56
Q

The learning of a new behavior by observing someone else who is performing that behavior

A

Observational learning

57
Q

Describes the fact that learning can take place without actual performance

A

Learning/performance distinction

58
Q

A major contributor to the study of observational learning and conducted a series of classic studies observing children’s learned behaviors

A

Albert Bandura

59
Q

Four elements needed for observational learning to occur

A

Attention, memory, imitation and motivation

Psychology (6 decks)

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