Chapter 1 Flashcards
Goals of Psych
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
This psychologist used the method of OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION in an attempt to study human thought processes
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Psych
Wilhelm Wundt
A student of Wundt’s who brought the method of introspection to the US
Edward Titchener
Titchener believed that introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations. He called this approach ?
Structuralism
William James discovered how our mental processes help us to function in our daily lives and began to promote his viewpoint known as ?
Functionalism
Theses psychologists were studying how sensation and perception create a whole pattern that is greater than the sum of the individual components
Gestalt Psychologists
A major proponent of Gestalt psychology
Max Wertheimer
Austrian Sigmund Freud developed his theory ____ based on the concept of the unconscious.
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory (the unconscious played an important role in controlling our day-to-day behaviors and thoughts) is also called the ?
Psychodynamic perspective
He expanded the findings of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov to promote the perspective of BEHAVIORISM
John Watson
Seven major perspectives of the field of psychology
Psychodynamic Behaviorism Humanistic Biopsychology Cognitive Sociocultural Evolutionary
Focuses on the role of the unconscious
Psychodynamic
Studies psychology by focusing on observable actions and events
Behaviorism
Emphasizes human potential and free will; focuses on people’s abilities to direct their own lives
Humanistic
Focuses on the biology underlying our behavior and thoughts
Biopsychology
Focuses on the thoughts
Cognitive
A specific area of the cognitive perspective that focuses on the physical changes in the brain that occur when we think, remember, or engage in other mental processes.
Cognitive neuroscience
Explores the role of social and cultural factors on our behaviors and thoughts
Sociocultural
Attempt to explain behavior and thoughts in terms of their adaptive qualities
Evolutionary
Receives medical degree, treat serious psychological disorders, prescribes medication for their patients
Psychiatrists
Attends graduate school to obtain a doctorate degree and can select one of many career options from research to counseling to consulting for a business
Psychologist
A psychiatrist or psychologist who has received special training in Freud’s method of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalyst
Receives a Master of Social Work degree and provides counseling to patients or possibly conducts research
Psychiatric social worker
Psychologists use this method to reduce bias and error in their observations
Scientific Method
Steps of the scientific method (5)
Ask a question Formulate hypothesis Experiment Draw a conclusion Report findings
It provides a realistic picture of behavior but become biased through the observer effect and observer bias
Naturalistic observation
Research participants behave differently when they know they are being watched
Observer effect
Researcher only sees what he or she wants to see
Observer bias
A researcher disguising as an actual participant in order to reduce the the observer effect
Participant observation
A detailed investigation of one individual, or case and can provide a great deal of information about that person
Case Study
Researchers ask a group of participants a series of questions
Survey
A researcher interested in discovering the relationship between two variables would use the
Correlational method
Tells the researcher the direction and strength of the relationship
Correlation coefficient
“Correlation does not prove ___”
Causation
An experimental design where the groups are already in place when the participants are recruited for the study (smokers be nonsmokers)
Quasi-experimental design
The researcher manipulated a variable and measures some response from the participants
Experiment
In order to measure the dependent variable, the researcher must come up with an ________ for the variable
Operational definition
A set of instructions that explains how to measure the variable
Operational definition
Participants are not told what group they are in
Single blind study
The study is often designed so that neither the participants nor the experimenter know who is in which group
Double-blind study
Principles of critical thinking (4)
1 most truths need to be tested
2 all evidence is not equal
3 authorities are not always right
4 an open mind is still important
What is Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
