Chapter 8 hormones Part 1

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Chemicals moved by one group of cells and carried through the bloodstream to other parts of the body

Question 2

What do hormones do?

Answer 2

Act on specific target tissues to produce physiological effects

Question 3

How are hormones produced?

Answer 3

By endocrine glands

Question 4

What is endocrine communication?

Answer 4

Hormones released into the bloodstream, selectively affecting distant target organs

Question 5

What are the different types of chemical communication?

Answer 5

Synapse
Endocrine
Pheromone
Allomone

Question 6

What are pheromone?

Answer 6

Chemicals released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smell or taste

Question 7

What is an example of Pheromone communication?

Answer 7

A dog urinating on a landmark(ex.tree) to designate their territory

Question 8

What is synaptic communication?

Answer 8

Communication via synapses in which a chemical signal is released and diffused across the synaptic cleft to cause change in the postsynaptic membrane

Question 9

What is allomone communication?

Answer 9

Chemicals released outside the body to affect individuals of another species

Question 10

What is an example of Allomone communication?

Answer 10

Flowers exuding scent(the Allomone) to attract insects and birds in order to distribute pollen

Question 11

What are peptide Hormones?

Answer 11

Small protein molecules that are made up of short string of amino acids

Question 12

What are the different peptide hormones?

Answer 12

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
   
   2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
   3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
   4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)
   5. Prolactin
   6. Insulin
   7. Glucagon
   8. Oxytocin
   9. Vasopressin
2. Corticotropin- a releasing hormone (CRH)
   11.Gonadotropin- a releasing hormone(GnRH)

Question 13

What are Amine Hormones? Aka monoamine hormones

Answer 13

They are modified version of a single amino acid; smaller and simpler

Question 14

What are the different Amine Hormones?

Answer 14

1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
   
   2. Norepinephrine (NE)
   3. Thyroid hormones (e.g., thyroxine)
   4. Melatonin

Question 15

What is Steroid Hormones?

Answer 15

Hormones that are derived from cholesterol and shares it’s structure of four rings of carbon atoms

Question 16

What are the different steroid hormones?

Answer 16

1. Estrogens
   
   2. Progestins
   3. Androgens
   4. Glucocorticoids
   5. Mineralocorticoids

Question 17

How come steroid Hormones pass through the membrane easily?

Answer 17

Because they dissolve readily in lipids

Question 18

How do Peptide and Amine exert their influence on target organs?

Answer 18

They activate a second messenger inside the cell; by binding to specific receptors on the surface of the cell

Question 19

How does steroid hormones exert influence over target organs?

Answer 19

It crosses the cell membrane to bind to receptors inside the cell’s nucleus. The steroid receptor complex then binds to specific DNA regions to control the expressions of that specific gene

Question 20

Steroid hormones are typically more slow acting than peptide and amine hormones

Question 21

Examples of steroids having their own specific receptors

Answer 21

Estrogens selectively interact with estrogen; androgens(testosterone) bonds to androgen receptor

Question 22

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 22

A type of endocrine gland that releases important hormones and regulate other endocrine glands

Question 23

What is the pituitary stalk?

Answer 23

It’s a thin piece of tissue that connect the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 24

What are Neuroendocrine cells?

Answer 24

Neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream (not the synapse)

Question 25

How does the neuroendocrine release hormones into the bloodstream?

Answer 25

They receive a synaptic input from other neurons and produce action potential(only if excited past threshold)

Question 26

What does the posterior pituitary do?

Answer 26

Release hormones

Question 27

What two hormones do neuroendocrine release from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 27

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Question 28

What is oxytocin?

Answer 28

It is a hormone responsible for reproductive and parental behavior, stimulating contractions, triggers milk letdown reflexes, also released in orgasm in men and women

Question 29

What is Vasopressin?

Answer 29

A hormone that activates nerve cells regulated to thirst and water regulation, increase blood pressure, and form pair bonds

Question 30

What are pair bonds?

Answer 30

A durable and exclusive relationship between two individuals

Question 31

How are hormones released from the neuroendocrine cells regulated?

Answer 31

By negative feedback

Question 32

What is negative feedback?

Answer 32

When the output of a system feeds back to recur the effects of input signals

Question 33

What is an example of negative feed back?

Answer 33

The thermostat being set to a different temperature at a different time

Question 34

Hormones released from neurodocrine cells have what type of feedback?

Answer 34

Negative feedback