Chapter 11

Question 1

What is emotion?

Answer 1

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviors, and physiological changes

Question 2

The physical sensations (i.e.,goosebumps, tingly, fluttering) are the result of activation of the autonomic nervous system:

Answer 2

• Sympathetic nervous system
  
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 3

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 3

Fight-or-flight system that activates the body for action

Question 4

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 4

Prepares the body to relax and recuperate

Question 5

What is the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 5

• Autonomic reaction triggers feeling
  * Different emotions feels different because they are generated by different constellations of physiological responses

Question 6

What is the Cannon-Brad theory?

Answer 6

• Simultaneous feeling and autonomic reaction
  * Its the brains job to decide which particular emotion is an appropriate response to the stimuli

Question 7

What is the Schanter’s theory?

Answer 7

Emotional labels are attributed to sensations of physiological arousal
* We use context to cognitively attribute specific emotions to arousal.
* The Schachter and Singer experiment showed that autonomic responses can intensify our emotions, but our cognitive analysis affects which emotion we experience

Question 8

What does the polygraph test measures?

Answer 8

measures activation of the sympathetic nervous system reflecting stress, not lying; Such as changes in respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance (a measure of sweating )

Question 9

What does impartial research indicate about the accuracy of polygraph?

Answer 9

Accuracy is 65% and not 85-95%

Question 10

What did Charles Darwin suggest?

Answer 10

certain expressions of emotions appear to be universal among people of all regions of the world (1872)

The similarity in facial expressions in human and nonhuman primates suggests a common ancestor

Question 11

What did Redican describe in 1975?

Answer 11

Distinct facial expressions in nonhuman primates that appeared to signal emotional states; for example, chimpanzees show a play face, which may be homologous to the human laugh

Question 12

What did emotions evolve to?

Answer 12

Seen as evolved preprogramming that helps us deal quickly and effectively with a wide variety of situations
* Responding to aversive situations (threat) with a fear program—improved survival
* Responding to positive situations (food, mating) with an appetitive program

Question 13

What are the four basic pairs of opposite emotions (based on Plutchick)?

Answer 13

• Happiness/sadness
  
  • Affection/disgust
  • Anger/fear
  • Expectation/surprise

Question 14

What do cross cultural similarity not agree on?

Answer 14

The expressions of surprise and disgust

Question 15

What does subtle cultural differences suggest?

Answer 15

That cultural conditioning enforces prescribed rules for facial expressions

Question 16

What are facial expressions mediated by?

Answer 16

muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways

Question 17

What are the two categories of facial muscles?

Answer 17

• Superficial facial muscles
  *Deep facial muscles

Question 18

Superficial facial muscles

Answer 18

• Mostly attach only between different points of facial skin
  * Change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose, can create a dimple

Question 19

Deep facial muscles

Answer 19

• Attach to bone and produce large-scale movements
  * Like chewing

Question 20

What two cranial nerves are these face muscles innervated by

Answer 20

1. The facial nerve (VII)
   
   2. The motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 21

The facial nerve (VII)

Answer 21

Which innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression

Question 22

The motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)

Answer 22

• Which innervates muscles that move the jaw

Question 23

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 23

• Suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
  
  • Supports James-Lange theory
• People performing a task who take on a happy or sad face report stronger feelings of the emotions they were simulating
• Botox injections, which paralyze facial muscles, cause people to experience emotions less intensely

Question 24

What is Brain self-stimulation?

Answer 24

animals (including humans) will work to receive electrical stimulation to their brain

Question 25

Where are brain sites that support self stimulation mapped at?

Answer 25

Most are subcortical, concentrated in the medial forebrain bundle