Chapter 10.3

Question 1

At what age do humans sleep more?

Answer 1

During infancy

Question 2

Infant sleep cycle characterized as

Answer 2

• Shorter sleep cycles
  
  • More REM sleep—50%,
  • A 24-hour rhythm is generally evident by 16 weeks of age
  • Unlike most adults, human infants can move directly from an awake state to REM sleep
  • Lack of atonia during REM
  • Unstable patterns of sleep prior to 16 weeks
  • Stable and prolonged patterns of sleep to 16 weeks

Question 3

What happens when people age?

Answer 3

Total time asleep declines, and the number of awakenings increases

Question 4

What happens in stage 3 sleep within old people?

Answer 4

• At age 60, only half as much time as at age 20
  
  • By age 90, it has disappeared

Question 5

What happens when you are sleep deprived whether it’s partially or totally?

Answer 5

• Increased irritability (mood)
• Difficulty in concentrating (working memory)
• Episodes of disorientation
• Effects vary with age and other factors.

Question 6

What is sleep recovery?

Answer 6

The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

Question 7

What happens to your REM sleep during the recovery phase?

Answer 7

You have more intense sleep with a greater number of rapid eye movements per period of time.

Question 8

Sustained Sleep Deprevation

Answer 8

In Humans: Increase in hypertension, metabolic disruption, weight gain, Type 2 diabetes, and immunosupression

Question 9

What is Fatal Familial insomnia?

Answer 9

When people stop sleeping and dies 7-24 months after the onset of insomnia; inherited in midlife

Question 10

What are the functions ascribed with sleep?

Answer 10

1. Energy Conservation
2. Niche adaptation
3. Body and brain restoration
4. Memory consolidation

Question 11

Energy Conservation

Answer 11

We use up less energy when we sleep than when we’re awake

Question 12

Niche adaptation

Answer 12

Sleep forces species to conform to the ecological niche to which they are adapted (avoid predation)

Question 13

Body and brain restoration

Answer 13

• The rebuilding or restoration of materials used during waking, such as proteins
  
  • Most growth hormone is only released during SWS.
  • Glial cells more readily filter toxins from the CSF
    
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 14

Memory consolidation

Answer 14

• Sleep during the interval between learning and recall improves retention
  
  • Learning of perceptual skills (recognition, puzzles, mazes) is improved by a period of REM sleep
  • Consolidation of declarative memory tasks and complicated motor skills benefits from SWS
  • REM sleep is not necessary for learning

Question 15

What four interacting neural systems underline sleep

Answer 15

Forebrain system
Brainsystem
Pontine system
Hypothalamic system

Question 16

Forebrain system

Answer 16

Generates SWS

* Neurons in this region become active at sleep onset and release GABA.
* GABA activates receptors in the nearby tuberomamillary nucleus
* These GABA A receptors are also stimulated by general anesthetics, which produce slow waves resembling SWS

Question 17

A brainstem system

Answer 17

Activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness
* The reticular formation wakes up the forebrain
* Electrical stimulation of this area will wake up sleeping animals.
* Lesions of this area produce persistent sleep.
* Together, the forebrain and reticular formation seem to regulate SWS and wakefulness.

Question 18

A pontine system

Answer 18

System that triggers REM sleep
* An area of the pons, Subcoerulus, is responsible for REM sleep.
* Some neurons in this region are only active during REM sleep.
* They inhibit motor neurons to keep them from firing, disabling the motor system during REM sleep

Question 19

A hypothalamic system

Answer 19

System that coordinates the other three brain regions to determine which state we’re in

Question 20

What did the Transection(cerveau isole) experiments show?

Answer 20

That different sleep systems originate in different parts of the brain (Bremer, 1938)

Question 21

What is the isolated brain made from?

Answer 21

An incision between the medulla and the spinal cord; Animals showed signs of sleep and wakefulness, proving that the networks reside in the brain

Question 22

How does the for rain generate slow wave sleep?

Answer 22

Since the electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant SWS, but no signs of wakefulness or REM, it shows that the forebrain can generate SWS