Chapter 8: Group Processes Flashcards
What is a GROUP?
a collection of 3 or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to rely on one another
What are SOCIAL ROLES?
shared expectations by group members about how particular people in the group are supposed to behave > Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment
What is GROUP COHESIVENESS?
qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking among them
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION?
the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks but worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performances can be evaluated
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION?
the experience of evaluation by others raising our arousal levels, influences social facilitation
What is SOCIAL LOAFING?
the tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex ones when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated
What is DEINDIVIDUATION?
the loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people are in a group, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts
What is PROCESS LOSS?
any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
What is GROUPTHINK, and who is this associated with?
a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic matter
Irving Janis
What is GROUP POLARIZATION?
the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme, at either end of the spectrum, than the initial inclinations of the members
What is GREAT PERSON THEORY?
certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation they face; ultimately, there are few strong relationships bw personality traits and leadership effectiveness
What is INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY?
one of the few correlate personality traits with leadership effectiveness, the ability to recognize more than one perspective on an issue and to be able to integrate these various perspectives
What is a TRANSACTIONAL LEADER?
leaders who set clear short-term goals and reward people who meet them; employees report greater job satisfaction and perceptions of fairness under this type of leadership
What is a TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER?
leaders who inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals; associated with psychological well-being in a variety of workers
What is the CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP?
leadership effectiveness depends on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is, and on the among of control and influence they have over the group
What is a TASK-ORIENTED LEADER?
concerned more with getting the job done than with the feelings of and relationships among the workers; good in high-control work situations, and low-control as well
What is a RELATIONSHIP-ORIENTED LEADER?
concerned primarily with the feelings of and relationships among workers; most effective in a moderate-control environment
What is a SOCIAL DILEMMA?
a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects on everyone
EX: Prisoner’s Dilemma
What is a TIT-FOR-TAT STRATEGY?
a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial (cooperatively or competitively)
What is NEGOTIATION?
a form of communication bw opposing sides in a conflict, in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
What is an INTEGRATIVE SOLUTION?
a solution to a conflict whereby the parties made trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; on issues that are unimportant to them but important to the other side
