Chapter 5: The Self Flashcards
What is SELF-CONCEPT?
the overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
What are SELF-SCHEMAS?
an organized body of knowledge about the self (attitudes, preferences, traits) that influences what people notice, think, and remember about themselves
What is SELF-CONCEPT CLARITY?
the extent to which knowledge about the self is stable and clearly, consistently defined; much more prevalent in Western cultures, much weaker sense in Asian cultures
What is INDEPENDENT VIEW OF THE SELF?
defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions, and not those of others; present in many Western cultures
What is INTERDEPENDENT VIEW OF THE SELF?
defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behaviour is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others; present in many Asian and other non-Western cultures
What is INTROSPECTION?
the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives
What is SELF-AWARENESS THEORY?
the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour with their internal standards and values
In regard to self-awareness, what are CAUSAL THEORIES?
theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviours, which we typically learn from our culture
What is SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY?
the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs
EX: if you’ve always loved classical music, you don’t need to observe your behaviour to confirm this; if you’re not sure how you feel about classical music, you’re more likely to reflect on your behaviour as a guide to how you feel
What is INTRINSIC MOTIVATION?
the desire to engage in an activity bc we enjoy it or find it interesting, not bc of external rewards or pressures
What is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION?
the desire to engage in an activity bc of external rewards or pressures, not bc we enjoy the task or find it interesting
What is the OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT?
the case whereby people view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which their behaviour was caused by intrinsic reasons
What are TASK-CONTINGENT REWARDS?
rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well it is done
What are PERFORMANCE-CONTINGENT REWARDS?
rewards that are based on how well we perform a task
What is the LOOKING GLASS SELF?
the idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people and incorporate their views into our self-concept
What is SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY?
the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people
What is SELF-CONTROL?
the ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals
What are IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS?
people’s specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal and avoid temptation
What is DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON?
the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are worse than we are in a particular trait or ability; correlated with life satisfaction, positive emotional well-being, and better health
What is UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON?
the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are better than we are in a particular trait or ability; damaging to our self-esteem
What is SOCIOMETER THEORY?
the theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others; assesses the quality of our relationships with others
our usual self-esteem level reflects the extent to which we generally feel accepted or rejected; our state level of self-esteem reflects how we feel in a particular relationship or social situation
What is SELF-ENHANCEMENT?
an unrealistically positive view of oneself; most people have the tendency to think they are a great person compared to others, but it’s impossible for most people to be better than most people…
What is SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY?
a theory suggesting that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether that’s positive or negative; this tendency can sometimes conflict with the desire to hold a favourable view of oneself
