Chapter 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change Flashcards
What are ATTITUDES?
evaluations of people, objects, or ideas
What 3 components make up attitudes?
Affective > emotional reactions toward the object
Cognitive > thoughts and beliefs about the object
Behavioural > actions or observable behaviour toward the object
What is an AFFECTIVELY -BASED ATTITUDE?
an attitude based primarily on people’s emotions and feelings about the attitude object; people’s values, sensory reactions, aesthetic reactions
What are COGNITIVELY-BASED ATTITUDES?
an attitude based primarily on a person’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object; classify the pros and cons
What are BEHAVIOURALLY-BASED ATTITUDES?
an attitude based primarily on observations of how one behaviours toward an attitude theory
Describe Daryl Bem’s SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY.
under certain circumstances, people don’t know how they feel until they see how they behave
What are EXPLICIT ATTITUDES?
attitudes we consciously endorse and support
What are IMPLICIT ATTITUDES?
involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times, unconscious evaluations
What is the THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR?
a theory that the best predictors of people’s planned, deliberate behaviours are their attitudes, words, specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control
Describe SPECIFIC ATTITUDES.
the more specific the attitude toward the behaviour in question, the more likely it is that the attitude will predict behaviour
Describe SUBJECTIVE NORMS.
beliefs about how the people they care about will view the behaviour in question
Describe PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL
the ease with which people believe they can perform a behaviourW
What is PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION?
communication advocating a particular side of an issue
What is the ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL?
a theory explaining that there are 2 ways in which persuasive communications can change attitudes: the central route and the peripheral route
What is the CENTRAL ROUTE of persuasion?
when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication (the logic of the arguments)
What is the PERIPHERAL ROUTE of persuasion?
when people do not pay attention to the arguments, but are swayed by surface characteristics (who gives the speech, how long it is, etc)
What is FEAR-AROUSING COMMUNICATION?
a persuasive message that attempts to change people’s attitudes by arousing their fears
What are SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES?
words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but that supposedly influence people’s judgements, attitudes, and behaviours
What is ATTITUDE INOCULATION, and who is this associated with?
the process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position
William McGuire
What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, and who is this associated with?
a feeling of discomfort caused by the realization that one’s behaviour is inconsistent with one’s attitudes or that one holds 2 conflicting attitudes
Leon Festinger
What is POST-DECISION DISSONANCE?
dissonance that is aroused by making a decision; such dissonance is typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluing the rejected options
What is JUSTIFICATION OF EFFORT?
the tendency for individual to increase their liking for something they have worked to attain
What is EXTERNAL JUSTIFICATION?
a person’s reason or explanation for dissonant behaviour that resides outside of the individual
EX: to receive a reward or avoid punishment; you don’t like a band that your friend loves but you pretend to enjoy the show so they don’t get upset with you
What is INTERNAL JUSTIFICATION?
the reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself
EX: one’s attitude or behaviour; your friend wants to quit school to follow this band around, so you look for positive aspects so you can get more on board with the idea
