Chapter 8 - Fueling the Machine

Question 1

What is the purpose of ATP?

Answer 1

Used to build DNA and proteins, move materials across the membrane, growth and reproduction.

Question 2

Where does all outside energy come from?

Answer 2

The Sun.

Question 3

What are considered the “Gears of the Cell”?

Answer 3

Proteins and enzymes.

Question 4

What is considered the “Unrefined Fuel” of the cell?

Answer 4

Glucose (not any other sugar).

Question 5

What is the equation we need to memorize?

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy [ATP] + Heat

Question 6

What are the characteristics of ATP?

Answer 6

Highly unstable and highly reactive.

Question 7

What is the process of Hydrolysis?

Answer 7

Breaking down with the use of water, requiring energy. Exergonic process releasing ADP.

Question 8

ATP + H2O =

Answer 8

ADP + P + Energy

Question 9

How much ATP do we get when a cell regenerates ATP?

Answer 9

1 molecule of glucose makes 38 molecules of ATP in Prokaryotes and 36-38 molecules of ATP in Eukaryotes.

Question 10

What is the three-step process to obtain ATP?

Answer 10

Glycolysis / Kreb’s Cycle / Electron Transport Chain

Question 11

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Answer 11

Outside the Mitochondria.

Question 12

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur?

Answer 12

Within the Mitochondria.

Question 13

How much ATP results from Glycolysis?

Answer 13

2 ATP

Question 14

How much ATP results from Kreb’s Cycle?

Answer 14

2 ATP

Question 15

How much ATP results from the Kreb’s Cycle?

Answer 15

2 ATP

Question 16

How much ATP results from the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 16

32-34 ATP

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Aerobic Respiration?

Answer 17

Plants and animals that can only survive in an oxygen environment. ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation where O2 is the final electron.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Anaerobic Respiration?

Answer 18

Some bacteria that can survive without the presence of O2, instead, they’re poisoned by the presence of O2. Sulfate or Nitrate is the final electron acceptor that leads to fermentation.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of fermentation?

Answer 19

ATP is built without an electron transport chain. This is not as efficient, but does not require O2. Organic molecules such as lactic acid or ethanol are final electron acceptors.

Question 20

Do humans ferment?

Answer 20

Yes, in the absence of O2. The sugar breakdown outplaces muscle supply of O2, producing Lactic Acid as the result. Continuing to breathe brings in that O2.

Question 21

What are common in human diets?

Answer 21

Fats, proteins, sucrose, and starch that glycolysis can’t break down.
Glucose is not common.

Question 22

What do proteins break down into?

Answer 22

Amino Acids, the amine functional group is removed (waste), and starts the Kreb’s Cycle or Glycolysis.

Question 23

What do Polysaccharides break down into?

Answer 23

Glucose, and beings Glycolysis.

Question 24

What results from digested fats?

Answer 24

Glycerol to Glycolysis

Question 25

What results from fats?

Answer 25

Fatty Acids to Kreb’s Cycle

Question 26

What are the characteristics of fats?

Answer 26

1g of Fat produces 2x ATP than 1g of Glucose.
Stored fat is lightweight.
Takes longer to lose.

Question 27

What occurs within enzymes in Feedback Inhibition?

Answer 27

The last enzyme will shut off the production of the first enzyme in a chain.