Chapter 8 - Fueling the Machine Flashcards
What is the purpose of ATP?
Used to build DNA and proteins, move materials across the membrane, growth and reproduction.
Where does all outside energy come from?
The Sun.
What are considered the “Gears of the Cell”?
Proteins and enzymes.
What is considered the “Unrefined Fuel” of the cell?
Glucose (not any other sugar).
What is the equation we need to memorize?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy [ATP] + Heat
What are the characteristics of ATP?
Highly unstable and highly reactive.
What is the process of Hydrolysis?
Breaking down with the use of water, requiring energy. Exergonic process releasing ADP.
ATP + H2O =
ADP + P + Energy
How much ATP do we get when a cell regenerates ATP?
1 molecule of glucose makes 38 molecules of ATP in Prokaryotes and 36-38 molecules of ATP in Eukaryotes.
What is the three-step process to obtain ATP?
Glycolysis / Kreb’s Cycle / Electron Transport Chain
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Outside the Mitochondria.
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur?
Within the Mitochondria.
How much ATP results from Glycolysis?
2 ATP
How much ATP results from Kreb’s Cycle?
2 ATP
How much ATP results from the Kreb’s Cycle?
2 ATP
How much ATP results from the Electron Transport Chain?
32-34 ATP
What are the characteristics of Aerobic Respiration?
Plants and animals that can only survive in an oxygen environment. ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation where O2 is the final electron.
What are the characteristics of Anaerobic Respiration?
Some bacteria that can survive without the presence of O2, instead, they’re poisoned by the presence of O2. Sulfate or Nitrate is the final electron acceptor that leads to fermentation.
What are the characteristics of fermentation?
ATP is built without an electron transport chain. This is not as efficient, but does not require O2. Organic molecules such as lactic acid or ethanol are final electron acceptors.
Do humans ferment?
Yes, in the absence of O2. The sugar breakdown outplaces muscle supply of O2, producing Lactic Acid as the result. Continuing to breathe brings in that O2.
What are common in human diets?
Fats, proteins, sucrose, and starch that glycolysis can’t break down.
Glucose is not common.
What do proteins break down into?
Amino Acids, the amine functional group is removed (waste), and starts the Kreb’s Cycle or Glycolysis.
What do Polysaccharides break down into?
Glucose, and beings Glycolysis.
What results from digested fats?
Glycerol to Glycolysis
