Chapter 5 - "None Shall Pass"

Question 1

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

Answer 1

Separates in from out with a dynamic, fluid barrier.
Regulates materials in and out of the cell through active transport and diffusion.
Senses change in external environment through acidity.
Cell to cell communication through type.
Maintains structure and chemical reactions.
Promotes protection, movement, secretion, and some transport.

Question 2

What is the structure of the Cell Wall?

Answer 2

A bilayer of phospholipids that are not bonded together.
Polar “head” with two non-polar “tails”.

Question 3

What is the process of the Receptor Protein?

Answer 3

A molecule fits into protein, then causes a response inside the cell.

Question 4

What is the process of the Recognition Protein?

Answer 4

Acts as a cellular ID tag, recognizing self from non-self (Such as blood in transplants).

Question 5

What are the purpose of Enzymes?

Answer 5

Proteins that help chemical reactions.

Question 6

What is the process of attachment proteins?

Answer 6

Holds the cytoskeleton to membrane and attaches cells together.

Question 7

What is the process of transport proteins?

Answer 7

Regulates movement of molecules across the membrane.

Question 8

What do Channel Proteins allow to pass through?

Answer 8

H2O or ions.

Question 9

What is the purpose of Carrier Proteins?

Answer 9

Act as a lock and key with molecules, changing their shape, and releasing them to the other side.

Question 10

What is the process of Diffusion?

Answer 10

Moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration, continuing until equalization. This requires no energy [ATP].
The greater the concentration, the faster the diffusion.
Increased temperature leads to faster diffusion.

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Simple Diffusion?

Answer 11

Includes a very simple, non-polar, lipid soluble.
Includes O2, CO2, alcohols, some vitamins, steroids, and H2O.
Requires no energy [ATP].

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Facilitated Diffusion?

Answer 12

Includes very small ions that are water soluble.
Channel proteins help molecules across the membrane.
Goes down a gradient with no energy [ATP] required.

Question 13

What is the process of Osmosis?

Answer 13

The diffusion of H2O down a gradient with no energy [ATP] required.

Question 14

What is the meaning of isotonic?

Answer 14

An equal concentration of water and solute.

Question 15

What is the meaning of hypteronic?

Answer 15

More solute compared to water than the other side of the membrane.

Question 16

What is the meaning of hypotonic?

Answer 16

Less solute compared to water than other side of membrane.

Question 17

What is the process of Active Transport?

Answer 17

Includes very small ions moving across the membrane against a gradient (think uphill), requiring energy [ATP], pumping NA+ and K+.

Question 18

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 18

The cellular process of bringing materials into the cell. This requires energy [ATP].
Includes processes such as Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Receptor-Mediation.

Question 19

What is the process of Pinocytosis?

Answer 19

“Cell drinking” through enfolding materials and the use of vesicles.

Question 20

What is the meaning of Receptor-Mediated?

Answer 20

Proteins along the membrane that combine with specific molecules, then enfold into the cell. (Ex = Steroids and iron)

Question 21

What is the process of Phagocytosis?

Answer 21

“Cell eating” as membrane arms extend and engulf particles. (Ex = white blood cells)

Question 22

What is the process of Exocytosis?

Answer 22

The process of moving particles or larger molecules out of the central vacuole.
Vesicles move things like waste, hormones, and neurotransmitters to the membrane and are released. This is faster than simple diffusion. CA++ within synaptic space between nerve cells.