Chapter 6 - Substance within the Cell

Question 1

What is potential energy?

Answer 1

Stored energy.

Question 2

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 2

Expressed energy or movement.

Question 3

What is the metabolism?

Answer 3

The chemical changes that take place to make energy and materials needed for the cell to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy.

Question 4

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 4

You can’t make or destroy energy; only convert it. If you started with it, you end with it.

Question 5

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 5

Disorder (entropy) always increases.
The entropy of a closed system shall never decrease, and shall increase whenever possible.

Question 6

What is the purpose of chemical reactions?

Answer 6

Building or breaking bonds.

Question 7

What is the result of reactants?

Answer 7

Products.

Question 8

What is the meaning of exergonic?

Answer 8

A chemical process resulting in giving up energy (heat).

Question 9

What is the meaning of endergonic?

Answer 9

A chemical process requiring energy input.

Question 10

What is the equation for building energy?

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = Energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Question 11

What is the purpose of activation energy?

Answer 11

A little bit of energy input creates a larger result. (Ex = Gasoline to a fire)

Question 12

What are the characteristics of ATP?

Answer 12

The most common energy-carrier molecule that comes from glucose breakdown. ATP is highly unstable and only resides within the cell.

Question 13

What are electron carriers?

Answer 13

Small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration.

Question 14

What are the characteristics of Coupled Reactions?

Answer 14

Very common reactions within cells. Exergonic provides energy for endergonic. ATP starts protein synthesis in endergonic. Exergonic and Endergonic commonly occur in different places. Requires carriers such as ATP or electron carriers. A relatively slow process.

Question 15

What is the purpose of catalysts?

Answer 15

To speed up reactions.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

Answer 16

The biological catalysts that lowers activation energy. Exergonic and endergonic speed up reactions. Enzymes are recycled.

Question 17

What is the process of the lock and key scenario with enzymes?

Answer 17

The process is very specific, and some can only act with coenzymes. A substrate contacts an active site that causes a reaction that changes the shape. Substrate then leaves enzyme.

Question 18

What is the process for different enzymes?

Answer 18

Baby steps, many small reactions result in many different enzymes. This required gradual energy transfer. Think of the game 2048.

Question 19

What are the increases of enzymes?

Answer 19

Increase reactions, increase enzymes = increase enzyme synthesis, increase substrates, and inactive forms such as pepsin.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of enzyme regulation?

Answer 20

Occurs within cells and is either competitive or non-competitive.. A competitive example is a molecule that blocks the activation site won’t work, such as vaccines.
Non-competitive example is other molecules that bind to enzymes and distort it. When an enzyme changes shape, it is no longer useful.

Question 21

What is feedback inhibition?

Answer 21

The end product of a multi-chain enzyme reaction that inhibits the start the same reaction. Large amounts of ATP can block production of more ATP.