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Radiation protection > chapter 8 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

chapter 8 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic effects

A

biologic damage experienced by living organisms as a result of exposure to radiation

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2
Q

the somatic effects are classified as either

A

late somatic effects

early somatic effects

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3
Q

early somatic effects

A

effects of ionizing radiation that appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks of high doses

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4
Q

early somatic effects are also called

A

acute effects

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5
Q

late somatic effects

A

non genetic effects that appear months or years following exposure to ionizing radiation

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6
Q

4 somatic and genetic damage factors

A
  1. quantity of ionizing radiation
  2. ability of the ionizing radiation to cause ionization
  3. amount of body area exposed
  4. the specific body parts exposed
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7
Q

true or false
ionizing radiation produces the greatest amount of biologic damage in the human body when a large dose of densely ionizing radiation is delivered to a large or radiosensitive area of the body

A

true

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8
Q

deterministic somatic effects

A

if the consequences of irradiation include cell killing and are directly related to the dose received

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9
Q

what were deterministic somatic effects formerly called

A

nonstochastic somatic effects

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10
Q

early deterministic somatic effects depending on the exposure will appear within

A

minutes, days, hours, or weeks

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11
Q

t or f

the severity of the early deterministic somatic effects is dose related

A

true

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12
Q

early deterministic somatic effects

high dose effects include

A 
nausea
fatigue 
erythema
epilation (loss of hair) 
blood disorders 
dry and moist desquamation (shedding of skin) 
depressed sperm count
injury to CNS
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13
Q

acute radiation syndrome ARS

A

occurs in humans after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time
probs from a nuclear powerplant explosion

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14
Q

four stages of clinical signs and symptoms of ARS

A
  1. prodromal stage
  2. latent period
  3. manifest illness (acute stage)
    a. hematologic (hematopoietic) syndrome
    b. gastrointestinal syndrome
    c. CNS (cerebrovascular or neurovascular syndrome)
  4. death (or recovery, in little dose)
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15
Q
  1. prodromal stage
A

the immediate response of ARS

severity of symptoms is dose related

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16
Q

prodromal stage may last from a few hours to

A

a couple of days

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17
Q

what is the immediate response of the prodromal stage

A

sickness

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18
Q

individuals who are exposed to radiation levels greater than 1 Gyt dose to the whole body usually show prodromal symptoms which include

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a reduction in the white blood cells of circulating blood

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19
Q

t or f

the time between the exposure and the onset of prodromal symptoms is an indication of the magnitude of the exposure

A

true

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20
Q

the prodromal stage is also called

A

NVD syndrome (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

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21
Q
  1. latent period
A

period of “well being”

no clinical symptoms or illness

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22
Q

t or f

the latent period is sometimes mistakenly thought to indicate an early recovery from a moderate radiation dose

A

true

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23
Q

the latent period can extend from

A

a few hours (at doses in excess to 50 Gyt) or less, to weeks (at doses from 1-5 Gyt)

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24
Q

the higher the dose in the latent period,

A

the shorter the latent period

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25
Q
  1. MANIFEST ILLNESS (ACUTE STAGE)
A

the full clinical effects are evident

a dose related period characterized by 3 syndromes

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26
Q

what are the 3 syndromes that become manifest during this manifest ilness stage

A
  1. hematologic (hemapoetic) syndrome
  2. gastrointestinal syndrome
  3. CNS (cerebrovascular, neurovascular syndrome
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27
Q

the hematopoietic syndrome (hematologic syndrome) or bone marrow syndrome occurs when humans receive a whole body does of ionizing radiation ranging from

A

1 to 10 Gy (100-1000 rad)

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28
Q

what happens in the prodromal stage of the hematopoietic syndrome (hematologic syndrom) (bone marrow syndrome)

A

nausea and vomiting

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29
Q

what happens and how long is the Latent period of hematopoietic syndrome (hematologic syndrome) (bone marrow syndrome)

A

can extend as long as 4 weeks

no sign of illness, but the # of cells in circulating blood are declining during this time

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30
Q

what happens in the manifest illness stage of the hematopoietic syndrome (hematologic syndrome) (bone marrow syndrome)

A

reduction of all blood cell counts
anemia and hemorrhage
serious infections

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31
Q

at lower limits of the dose range 100 to 200 rad(1-2 Gyt) in the manifest illness of the hematopoietic syndrome

A

bone marrow cells will repopulate the marrow to support life in the majority of individuals
will recover 3 weeks to 6 months after irradiation

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32
Q

after an exposure of 200 rad (2 Gyt) in the hematopoietic syndrome

A

a few sensitive individuals may die 6-8 weeks after an exposure

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33
Q

the primary cause of death in the hematopoetic syndrome is

A

a destruction of bone marrow

34
Q

the gastrointestinal syndrome occurs when humans receive whole body doses ionizing radiation ranging from

A

600 rad - 1000 rad (6Gy-10Gy)

35
Q

without receiving medical support persons receiving doses of 6-10 Gy may die in how many days

A

3-10 days following exposure

36
Q

prodromal stage of the Gastrointestinal syndrome occurs within? and causes what?

A

occurs within a few hours

causes severe nausea and vomiting accompanied by cramps and diarrhea

37
Q

latent period of the gastrointestinal syndrome can last

A

as long as 5 days

38
Q

signs and symptoms that may occur in the manifest illness stage of the gastrointestinal syndrome

A 
fever 
fatigue 
loss of appetite
lethargy 
anemia
leukopenia
hemorrhage
infection 
electolyte imbalance
39
Q

death from gastrointestinal syndrome occurs primarily because

A

of damage to epithelial cells lining the GI tract

40
Q

what part of the GI tract is most severly affected in the manifest illness stage of the Gastrointestinal syndrome

A

the small intestine

because of the breakdown of epithelial cells

41
Q

CNS syndrome occurs when the central nervous system and cardiovascular system receive doses of

A

50 Gyt or more

42
Q

signs and symptoms of the prodromal stage of the CNS syndrome

A 
excessive nervousness 
confusion
severe nausea
vomiting, diarrhea 
loss of vision 
burning sensation of the skin 
loss of consciousness
43
Q

how long does the latent period of CNS syndrome last

A

up to 12 hours

44
Q

signs and symptoms of the manifest illness stage of the CNS syndrome

A

prodromal symptoms come back with increased severity

45
Q

death in the CNS syndrome may be due to

A

increased pressure in the confining cranial vault as a result of increased fluid content

46
Q

lethal dose 50/30

A

signifies the whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

47
Q

LD 50/30 for adult humans is estimated to be

A

3-4 GYt (300-400rad) without medical support

48
Q

whole body doses greater than what may cause death to the entire population in 30 days without medical support

A

6 Gyt (600 rad)

49
Q

with medical support humans have tolerated doses as high as

A

8.5 Gyt (850 Rad)

50
Q

regardless of treatment, whole body equivalent doses of greater than what are fatal

A

12 Gyt (1200rad)

51
Q

do organs with oxygenated cells recover better than hypoxic cells

A

yes

52
Q

approximately how much percent of radiation induced damage may be repaired overtime?

A

90% leaving 10% irreparable

53
Q

organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on

A

radiosensitivity
reproductive characteristics
growth rate

54
Q

examples of tissues that suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses

A

skin
male/female reproductive organs
bone marrow

55
Q

radiodermititis

A

reddening of the skin caused by exposure to ionizing radiation
leads to cancerous lesions on hands and fingers

56
Q

william herbert rollins was a

A

boston dentist who suffered severe burns on hands and fingers

57
Q

william herbert rollins is known as the first

A

advocate of radiation protection

58
Q

3 layers of skin

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
59
Q

a single absorbed dose of what can cause skin erythema within 24-48 hrs after irradiation

A

a dose of 2 Gy (200 rad)

60
Q

desquamation

A

shedding of outer layer of skin

61
Q

epilation or alopecia

A

hair loss

62
Q

in the past skin diseases such as ring worm were treated and cured by irradiation of the affected area with

A

grenz rays (xrays in energy range of 10-20 kVp)

63
Q

doses as low as what are capable of depressing male sperm population and has the potential to cause genetic mutations in future generations

A

doses as low as 0.1 Gy (10rad)

64
Q

a gonadal dose of what may delay or supress menstruation in the female

A

doses of 0.1 Gy (10rad)

65
Q

a dose of what in male testes and female ovaries may lead to temporary sterility

A

2 GYt (200rad)

66
Q

a dose of what in testes and ovaries may lead to permanent sterility

A

5-6 Gyt (500-600rad)

67
Q

genetic mutations have been produced in experimental animals when their ovaries were irradiated with doses as low as

A

.25 Gyt (25rad)

68
Q

a whole body dose of what would produce a measurable hematologic depression

A

0.25 Gy (25rad)

69
Q

cells of the hematopoietic system all develop from a single precursor cell called

A

pluripotential stem cell

70
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that play an active role in producing immunity for the body

71
Q

granulocytes

A

white blood cells that act as scavengers to fight bacteria

72
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

blood cells that initiate blood clotting and prevent hemorrhage

73
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all body tissue and cells as blood circulates

74
Q

life span of lymphocytes

A

a few hours

75
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

almost 120 days

76
Q

a radiation dose as low as what can cause a decrease of lymphocytes in the bloood

A

a dose as low as 0.1 Gy (10rad)

77
Q

a dose of what will cause a decrease in neutrophils

A

a dose of 0.5 Gy (50rad)

78
Q

a dose greater than what can cause a decrease in the number of thrombocytes

A

a dose greater than 0.5 Gy (50rad)

79
Q

a measurable hematologic depression can be caused by a whole body dose of radiation as low as

A

0.25 Gy (25rad)

80
Q

cytogenetics

A

study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes

81
Q

karyotype

A

cytogenic analysis of chromosomes through the use of a chromosome map

82
Q

chromosome damage caused by radiation can be evaluated during what stage of mitosis

A

metaphase

Radiation protection (12 decks)

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