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Radiation protection > chapter 4 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

chapter 4 EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic damage

A

biologic damage to the body of the exposed individual

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2
Q

who was the first recognized american xray fatality

A

clarence daily

died oct. 1904

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3
Q

occupational exposure

A

radiation exposure received by radiation workers in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities

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4
Q

what diseases are more common among radiologist than non radiologists

A

aplastic anemia and leukemia

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5
Q

british xray and radium protection committee

A

formed in 1921 to investigate methods for reducing radiation exposure
unfortunately they could not agree on things and did not fulfill their responsibility

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6
Q

skin erythema dose

A

the first unit for measuring radiation exposure (1900-1930)

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7
Q

skin erythema dose definition

A

received quantity of radiation that causes diffused redness over an area of skin after irradiation

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8
Q

first international congress of radiology

A

in london england in 1925
allowed collaboration of rads from around the world
no decisions for measuring ionizing radiation

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9
Q

the international commission on radiation units and measurements ICRU

A

formed in 1925
finished the job from the second international congress of radiology
roentgen became the internationally accepted unit of measurement for x radiation and gamma radiation

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10
Q

second international congress of radiology

A

stockholm sweeden 1928

made the roentgen accepted as a unit of exposure but could not define it so the ICRU did in 1937

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11
Q

short term somatic effects (early or acute effects)

definition

A

somatic effects that appear within minutes hours days or weeks of the time of radiation exposure

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12
Q

list of short term somatic effects (early or acute effects)

A 
nausea 
fatigue
redness of skin
loss of hair
fever
blood disorders
shedding of skin
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13
Q

tolerance dose

A

a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects
believed nothing would happen as long as it was kept below dose

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14
Q

in 1934 internation xray and radium protection committee recommended a tolerance dose of

A

0.2 roentgen a day

was reduced to 0.1 roentgen a day in 1936

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15
Q

threshold dose

A

a dose of radiation below which an individual has a negligible chance of sustaining specific biologic damage

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16
Q

long term or late somatic effects definition

A

effects of ionizing radiation that appeared months or years following exposure to ionizing radiation

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17
Q

long term or late somatic effects list

A

cancer
embryonic effects (birth defects)
formation of cataracts

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18
Q

the general conference of weights and measurements created

A

the international system of units to be able to interchange units throughout the world

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19
Q

when was tolerance dose replaced and what was it replaced by

A

early 1950s and it was replaced by the maximum permissible dose MPD

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20
Q

maximum permissible dose MPD

A

a term used in the past to indicate the maximum dose equivalent of ionizing radiation that an occupationally exposed person could absorb in a specified time without sustaining bodily injury

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21
Q

MPD meant that

A

no amount of radiation was considered completely safe

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22
Q

1 sievert is equal to how many rem

A

100 rem

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23
Q

what are the 5 radiation quantities

A
  1. exposure
  2. air kerma
  3. absorbed dose
  4. equivalent dose
  5. effective dose
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24
Q

exposure is measured in

A

reontgen (traditional)

columb per kilogram (SI)

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25
Q

air kerma is measured in

A

gray with subscripts “a” or “t”

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26
Q

absorbed dose is measured in

A

Rad (traditional)

gray (SI)

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27
Q

equivalent does is measured in

A

Rem (traditional)

sievert (SI)

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28
Q

effective dose is measured in

A

Rem (traditional)

sievert (SI)

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29
Q

exposure (x)

A

the total electrical charge of one sign, either all pluses or minuses, per unit mass
basically measures the amount of ion pairs in the air.

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30
Q

exposure is measured by an

A

ionization chamber

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31
Q

coulomb (C)

A

a basic unit of electrical charge

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32
Q

how do you convert from roentgens to coulombs per kilogram

A

multiply the number of roentgens by 2.58 x 10^-4

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33
Q

how do you convert coulombs per kilogram to roentgens

A

divide the coulombs per kilogram by 2.58x10^-4

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34
Q

air kerma

A

SI quantity that can be used to express radiation concentration transferred to a point
kinetic energy released in a unit mass of air
basically indicates a calculation of radiation intensity in air

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35
Q

air kerma is replacing what

A

the traditional quantity, exposure

36
Q

Kerma is an acronym for

A

kinetic energy released in matter

kinetic energy released per unit mass

37
Q

air kerma is expressed in metric units of

A

joule per kilogram

38
Q

joule is the metric unit of

A

energy

39
Q

tissue kerma

A

energy released in a unit mass of tissue

40
Q

tissue kerma is measured in

A

Gray

41
Q

air kerma is expressed as

A

Gya

42
Q

tissue kerma is expressed as

A

Gyt

43
Q

if the air kerma is measured at a point where soft tissue is located,

A

the absorbed dose in the tissue will be about the equal to the air kerma

44
Q

dose area product

A

the sum total or air kerma over the exposed area of the patients surface

45
Q

DAP is expressed in units of

A

mGy/cm^2

46
Q

DAP is the most practical quantity for

A

monitoring the radiation delivered to patients

47
Q

absorbed dose (D)

A

the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object

48
Q

absorbed dose is used to indicate

A

the amount of ionizing radiation a patient receives during a procedure

49
Q

amount of energy absorbed by a patient depends on

A

atomic number (Z)
mass density
energy of incoming photon

50
Q

absorption increases as

A

atomic number and mass density increases and photon energy decreases

51
Q

effective atomic number (Zeff)

A

weighted average of atomic numbers

52
Q

T or F

bone has a higher effective atomic number than soft tissue

A

true

53
Q

Zeff of bone =

A

13.8

54
Q

Zeff of soft tissue =

A

7.4

55
Q

what is the only measure of ionization in air and not other tissues

A

exposure

56
Q

1 gray = how many joules/kilogram

A

1 joule/kilogram

57
Q

what is the traditional unit for joule

A

erg

58
Q

1 gray = how many rads

A

100 rad

59
Q

how do you convert rad to gray

A

divide the rad by 100 to get gray

60
Q

how to convert gray to rad

A

multiply the gray by 100

61
Q

how to convert from gray to milligray

A

multiply by 1000

62
Q

how to convert from milligray to gray

A

divide by 1000

63
Q

in therapeutic radiology what is replacing the rad for recording absorbed dose

A

the centigray

64
Q

to convert gray to centigray

A

multiply by 100

65
Q

surface integral dose SID

A

the total amount of radiant energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the body during an exposure

66
Q

quality factor AKA radiation weighting factor

A

an adjustment multiplier used in the calculation of dose equivalent

67
Q

linear energy transfer LET

A

the amount of energy deposited on average by ionizing radiation in an object per unit length of track as it passes through the object

68
Q

Linear energy transfer is measured in

A

KeV/micrometer

69
Q

high LET

A

departs energy quickly and causes more biologic damage

alpha particles have a high LET

70
Q

low LET

A

more sparsely ionizing.

less chance of producing biologic damage because it disperses its energy

71
Q

LET helps explain

A

the quality factor or modifying factors for different types of ionizing radiation

72
Q

equivalent dose enables the calculation of

A

effective dose

73
Q

stochastic effects

A

non threshold, randomly occurring biologic effects of ionizing radiation

74
Q

the probability of stochastic effects depends on

A

radiation dose and type of energy of the ionizing radiation

75
Q

the higher the radiation weighting factor of a type of ionizing radiation, the more

A

effective it is at producing biologic damage

76
Q

equivalent dose is obtained by multiplying

A

the absorbed dose (D) by the radiation weighting factor (Wr)

or Sv = Gy x Wr

77
Q

how to convert the sievert to the microsievert

A

multiply the sievert by 1,000,000

78
Q

effective dose

A

the sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues and organs

79
Q

effective dose includes

A

the type of radiation and the radiosensitivity of the specific organ or body part

80
Q

tissue weighting factor

A

a value that denotes the percentage of the stochastic risk stemming from the irradiation of tissue

81
Q

how to determine effective dose

A

an absorbed dose (D) is multiplied by a radiation weighting factor to obtain the equivalent dose. then the equivalent dose is multiplied by a tissue weighting factor to obtain the effective dose.

82
Q

collective effective dose ColEfD

A

the product of the average effective dose for an individual belonging to the exposed population or group and the number of persons exposed

83
Q

what is the unit for ColEfD

A

person-sievert

84
Q

what does the total effective dose equivalent do TEDE

A

to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation

85
Q

what is the TEDE

A

the sum of effective dose equivalent from external radiation sources and a quantity called committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from internal exposures

86
Q

TEDE is a useful dose monitor for

A

occupationally exposed personnel

87
Q

for occupationally exposed personnel, the whole body TEDE regulatory limit is

A

0.05 sieverts or 50 milisieverts

Radiation protection (12 decks)

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