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radiation protection > chapter 10 EXAM 5 > Flashcards

chapter 10 EXAM 5 Flashcards

1
Q

effective dose limiting system

A

a set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation

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2
Q

What is the effective dose limiting system

A

the concept of radiation exposure and the associated risk of radiation induced malignancy

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3
Q

what are the 2 reasons medical imaging professionals must be familiar with previous, existing and new guidelines for radiation safety?

A
  1. they share the responsibility for patient safety from radiation exposure
  2. they are subject to radiation exposure in the performance of their duties
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4
Q

T or F

informed radiographers will be more conscious of good radiation safety practices

A

true

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5
Q

4 major organizations are responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation EqD and induced biologic effects. those 4 organizations are:

A
  1. international comission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
  2. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
  3. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
  4. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)
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6
Q

what is the function of the ICRP

A

it evaluates information on biologic effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits

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7
Q

what is the function of the NCRP

A

it reviews regulations formed by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in the US radiation protection criteria

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8
Q

what is the function of UNSCEAR

A

it evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions. It provides info to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

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9
Q

what is the function of NAS/NRC-BEIR

A

it reviews studies of biologic effects on ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the info to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

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10
Q

what does ICRP stand for

A

International Commission on radiological protection

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11
Q

what does NCRP stand for

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

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12
Q

what does UNSCEAR stand for

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

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13
Q

what does NAS/NRC-BEIR stand for

A

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

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14
Q

what are the 5 US regulatory agencies

A
  1. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
  2. Agreement States
  3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  4. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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15
Q

what do the US regulatory agencies do

A

they enforce the protection standards that have been determined for the protection of the general public, patients, and occupationally exposed personnel

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16
Q

what is the function of the NRC

A

oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, enters into written agreements with state governments permitting the state to license and regulate the use of radioisotopes and certain other material within that state

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17
Q

what is the function of Agreement states

A

enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments

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18
Q

what is the function of the EPA

A

facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment

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19
Q

what is the function of the FDA

A

conducts an ongoing product radiation control program regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products including xray equipment

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20
Q

what is the function of OSHA

A

functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry

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21
Q

public law 90-602, the radiation control for health and safety act of 1968, the FDA

A

conducts an ongoing product radiation control program regulating the desing and manufacture of electronic products including diagnostic xray machines

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22
Q

T or F
all facilities providing imaging services must have an effective and detailed radiation safety program to ensure adequate safety for pts. and workers

A

true

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23
Q

to maintain a radiation safety program you must do 3 things

A
  1. delegate operational funds in the budget
  2. oversee the development of policies and procedures
  3. provide the equipment necessary for starting and continuing the program
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24
Q

T or F

the NRC mandates a radiation safety committee (RSC)

A

true

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25
Q

what is a radiation safety committee (RSC)

A

group that assists in the development of the radiation safety program in the health care facility
provides guidance for the program and facilitates ongoing operation

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26
Q

Radiation safety officer (RSO)

A

medical physicist, health physicist, or radiologist responsible to ensure the internationally accepted guidelines for radiation protection are followed in the facility

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27
Q

what are the responsibilities of an RSO

A

implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program
reviews and maintains radiation monitoring records for all personnel and be available to provide counseling for individuals

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28
Q

what is the required training and experience for and RSO

A

certification by a professional board approved by the NRC
didactic and work experience
identification as an authorized user

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29
Q

duties of the RSO

A

identify radiation safety problems
initiate, recommend or provide corrective action
stop unsafe operations
verify implementation of corrective actions

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30
Q

radiation control for health and safety public law 90-602

A

passed by congress to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation resulting from electronic products such as microwaves and tv’s

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31
Q

what did the radiation control for health and safety public law 90-602 permit

A

it permitted the establishment of center for devices and radiological health CDRH

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32
Q

what are the responsibilities of the radiation control for health and safety law 90-602

A

assessing biologic effects of ionizing radiation
evaluating radiation emissions from electronic products in general
conducting research to reduce radiation expsure

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33
Q

what is the code of standards for diagnostic xray equipment

A

strictly an equipment performance standard

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34
Q

when did the code of standards for diagnostic xray equipment go into effect

A

august 1 1974

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35
Q

ALARA is synonymous with the term

A

optimization in accordance with ICRP publications

36
Q

the ALARA concept presents a model in which the relationship is a

A

linear nonthreshold

37
Q

what is stated in the FDA document known as the White Paper

A

each patient should get the right imaging exam at the right time with the right radiation dose

38
Q

the FDA intends to take action to (3)

A
  1. promote safe use of medical imaging devices
  2. support informed clinical decision
  3. increase patient awareness
39
Q

consumer-patient radiation health and safety act of 1981

A

provides federal legislation requiring the establishment of minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and the certification of such persons

40
Q

what is the purpose of the consumer-patient radiation health and safety act of 1981

A

to ensure standard medical and dental radiologic procedures adhere to rigorous safety precautions and standards

41
Q

NCRP reprot No. 116 limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation states the goal of radiation protection is

A

to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation induced cautions

42
Q

what are the 2 categories for radiation induced responses

A
  1. deterministic effects

2. stochastic effects

43
Q

deterministic effects

A

biologic somatic effects that can be directly related to the dose received
occur only after high doses
have a threshold dose

44
Q

examples of early deterministic effects are

A

erythema
epilation
ARS

45
Q

examples of late deterministic effects are

A

cataract formation
fibrosis
organ atrophy
reduced fertility

46
Q

stochastic effects

A

randomly occurring biologic somatic changes

chance of occurring increase with increased radiation exposure

47
Q

a stochastic event is

A

an all or non random effect and could result form exposure of a single cell or from damage in a sensitive structure . no safe dose exists

48
Q

examples of stochastic effects

A

cancer

genetic effects

49
Q

2 objectives or radiation protection

A
  1. to prevent any clinically important radiation induced deterministic effects
  2. to limit the risk of stochastic responses to a conservative level
50
Q

current radiation protection philosophy is based on what?

A

the assumption of a linear nonthreshold relationship between dose and biologic response
meaning even the smallest dose has a potential to cause harm

51
Q

risk in general terms

A

the probability of injury ailment or death resulting from an activity

52
Q

risk from medical imaging standpoint

A

the possibility of inducing radiogenic cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation

53
Q

what is the current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic effects to radiation workers and the general public?

A

the effective dose limiting system

54
Q

the effective dose limit concerns

A

the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of bodily injury or hereditary damage

55
Q

NCRp recommends radiation protection programs be designed to prevent individual workers from having

A

a total external plus internal cumulative EFD in excess of their age in years times 10 mSv

56
Q

the greatest risk of radiation induced mental retardation occurred when the embyro fetus was exposed

A

8-15 weeks after conception

57
Q

the concept underlying radiation protection

A

the essential concept is that any organ in the body is vulnerable to damage from radiation exposure

58
Q

critical organs defined by the NCRP include

A

gonads, bone marrow, and lung tissue

59
Q

tissue weighting factor indicates the

A

ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated

60
Q

what is the annual occupational effective dose limit

A

50 mSv (5rem)

61
Q

the lifetime EfD limit should not exceed

A

10 times the occupationally exposed person’s age in years

62
Q

cumulative Effective dose limit

A

radiation worker’s lifetime effective dose must be limited to his/her age in years times 10 mSv

63
Q

effective dose limits do not include

A

radiation exposure from natural background radiation

exposures from radiation worker undergoing medical imaging procedure

64
Q

effective dose limits do include

A

internal exposure

external exposure

65
Q

collective effective dose

A

designated for use in the description of population or group exposure from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation

66
Q

collective effective dose is the product of

A

the average effective dose for an individual belonging to the exposed group and the number of persons exposed

67
Q

what is the unit to express collective effective dose

A

person-sievert

68
Q

ICRP recommendation for downward revision of the annual effective dose limit: in 1991 the ICRP recommended the reduction of the annual EFD limit for occupationally exposed persons from 50 mSv to what

A

to 20 mSc (2rem)

69
Q

NCRP is still considering the possibility of reducing exposure standards because of 2 things

A
  1. revised risk estimates from a-bomb survivors

2. appearance from longer follow up time of increased numbers of solid tumors in the survivor population

70
Q

the annual whole body EfD for ocupationally exposed persons in the U.S. may be limited to what per year

A

10-20 mSv per year

71
Q

in the US lowering the current EfD limits is the responsibility of who

A

NRC, individual states and the FDA

72
Q

Limits for non occupationally exposed individuals:
EFD limit is what for continuous or frequent exposures from artificial sources other than medical irradiation and natural background radiation

A

1 mSv

73
Q

Limits for non occupationally exposed individuals:

EFD limit is what annually for infrequent exposure

A

5 mSv

74
Q

limits for pregnant radiation workers

NCRP recommends a monthly EqD limit not exceeding what to the embryo fetus

A

0.5 mSv per month to the embryo fetus

75
Q

limits for pregnant radiation workers

NCRP recommends a limit during the entire pregnancy not to exceed what

A

5.0 mSv after declaration of pregnancy

76
Q

limits for education and training purposes:

the limit for any education and training exposures of individuals under the age of 18 yrs is an EfD of

A

1mSv annually

77
Q

limits for tissues and organs exposed selectively or together with other organs:
what is the dose limit to crystalline lens of the eye

A

150 mSv

78
Q

limits for tissues and organs exposed slectively or together with other organs:
what is the dose limit for localizd areas of the skin, the hands, and feet

A

500 mSv

79
Q

Negligible individual dose:

an annual negligible individual risk of what per source of practice has been set

A

0.01 mSv a year

80
Q

radiographers personnel dosimeter reading should be

A

well below a tenth of the max EfD limits

81
Q

action limits

A

limits for occupational exposure that are set by the medical facility well below the regulatory values as they appear in state or federal regulations

82
Q

what is radiation hormesis

A

effect that is a beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately higher levels of radiation

83
Q

radiation hormesis suggests that

A

risk from very small radiation exposure may be incorrect, however, until radiation hormesis theroy is proven we will always follow ALARA

84
Q

effective dose limits for radiation workers and the population as a whole:
as radiation workers the EfD is what for whole body occupational dose

A

50 mSv/year whole body occupational dose

85
Q

special limits for selected areas:

special limits are set for crystalline lens of eye and localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet to prevent

A

deterministic effects

radiation protection (12 decks)

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