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Radiation protection > chapter 5 EXAM 3 > Flashcards

chapter 5 EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

radiation survey instruments

A

area monitoring devices that direct and measure radiation

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2
Q

personnel dosimetry

A

the monitoring of radiation exposure to any person occupationally exposed on a regular basis to ionizing radiation

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3
Q

exposure monitoring is required when radiation workers are likely to receive

A

10% or more of the annual ocupational EfD limit in any single year due to their work activity

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4
Q

most healthcare facilities issue dosimeters when personnel could receive

A

1% of the annual occupational EfD limit in any month

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5
Q

what is the purpose of personnel dosimeter

A

for your safety.
determines the amt. of exposure by measuring the amt. of ionizing radiation the dosimeter has been exposed to
detects and measures the amt. of radiation it has been exposed to

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6
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

during routine radiographic procedures

A

attached to the clothing on the front of body at collar level to approximate the dose to thyroid, head and neck

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7
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

when a protective apron is worn

A

outside apron at collar level in the front

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8
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

as a second monitor when a protective apron is worn

A

1st dosimeter worn at collar level

2nd dosimeter worn beneath apron at waist level (measures dose to lower body trunk)

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9
Q

commercial lead aprons have how much lead equivalent

A

0.5 mm lead equivalent over all

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10
Q

commercial lead aprons have how much lead equivalent in a less heavy version

A

0.35mm lead in the front and 0.25mm lead in the back

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11
Q

monitor for the embryo-fetus

A

wears primary dosimeter at collar level

second monitor records dose to the abdomen worn at waist level

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12
Q

extremity dosimeter

A

used when performing fluoroscopic procedures when hand is near primary beam
measures dose to hands of the wearer

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13
Q

extremity dosimeter contains the following info

A

account number, name, wear date, R or L hand, size and reference number

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14
Q

TLD stands for

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter

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15
Q

characteristics of personnel dosimeters

A

lightweight/easy to carry
durable
able to detect large and small exposures
outside influences should not affect its performance
inexpensive

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16
Q

4 types of personnel dosimeters

A
  1. optically stimulated luminescense (OSL)
  2. film badges
  3. thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
  4. pocket ionization chambers
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17
Q

when were optically stimulated luminescense dosimeters developed

A

the late 1990’s

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18
Q

optically stimulated luminescense (OSL)

A

most common type
are replacing film badges
a combo of film and TLD while eliminating their disadvantages

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19
Q

OSL dosimeter contains

A

an aluminum oxide detector

and is read by a laser light

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20
Q

the OSL dosimeter can be worn for

A

1 year but commonly is switched out every 1-3 months

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21
Q

what is the inhouse reader called that landauer does sell

A

microStar

this allows occupational exposure to be read the day of occurrence

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22
Q

what are the 3 different filters in an OSL badge

A
  1. copper
  2. aluminum
  3. tin
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23
Q

T or F

aluminum absorbs the least in an OSL badge

A

true

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24
Q

T or F

copper attenuates the most in an OSL badge

A

true

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25
Q

when high energy radiation strikes the OSL dosimeter,

A

the laser reading would show a similar reading through all the filters

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26
Q

when low energy radiation strikes the OSL dosimeter,

A

the laser reading would be more pronounced in the region covered by the aluminum filter

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27
Q

T or F

OSL dosimeters are extemely sensitive

A

true

the increased sensitivity makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low radiation environments

28
Q

control monitor

A

the monitoring company provides this with each batch of dosimeters to make sure when they are transferred the reading is not compromised by anything that comes from the outside environment.

29
Q

advantages of OSL monitors

A 
lightweight, durable
color coded 
tamperproof 
extended wear frequencies 
increased sensitivity 
inexpensive
30
Q

an OSL dosimeter has an accurate reading as low as

A

1 mrem (10microseiverts) for xray and gamma ray photons with energies ranging from 5KeV to greater than 40 MeV

31
Q

disadvantages of OSL monitors

A

exposure is recorded only in body area where it was worn
exposure cannot be determined on day of exposure
must wear it for it to be efficient

32
Q

Film Badge consists of

A

film holder
metal filters
film packet

33
Q

when did film badges come into use

A

1940’s

34
Q

film holder

A

made of plastic

has low atomic number

35
Q

metal filters

A

located inside film holder
made of aluminum and copper
allow measurement of approximate energy of radiation
determine direction it reached film
determines if exposure was from scatter or primary radiation

36
Q

film packet

A

sensitive to doses ranging from 0.1 mSv to 5000mSv
doses below this are not usually detected and reported as minimal
lead foil on back of film to absorb scatter coming from behind dosimeter

37
Q

radiation interacting with film badge causes the film to

A

blacken

38
Q

function of control badge

A

serves as a basis for comparison

39
Q

increased optical density on a film badge is read with

A

a densitometer

40
Q

personnel monitoring reports

A

accurately records and maintains records to meet state and federal regulations
supplies written personnel report to health care facility

41
Q

change in employment by radiation worker

A

must convey the data pertinent to accumulated equivalent dose to the new employer to be placed on file

42
Q

advantages of film badges

A

permanent legal record of personnel exposure
economical
mechanical integrity

43
Q

disadvantages of film badges

A

temp and humidity can cause fogging
exposure cannot be determined on day of exposure
less sensitive to ionizing radiation

44
Q

thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) detector is made of

A

sensing material is lithium flouride

45
Q

how TLD dosimeter works

A

radiation causes electrons in the lithium flouride molecules to absorb energy and become excited to higher energy levels and become trapped.
after being passed through special heating process trapped electrons return to normal state and emit light

46
Q

TLD analyzer measures

A

the amount of ionizing radiation by heating crystals to free trapped electrons and records amount of light emitted

47
Q

advantages of TLD

A

interacts with ionizing radiation as human tissue does
exposures as low as 1.3x10^-6c/kg can be measured precisely
environmental factors do not affect it
may be worn up to 3 months
crystals can be reused

48
Q

disadvantages of TLD

A

high initial cost

readout process destroys stored info

49
Q

pocket ionization chamber

A

most sensitive type of personnel dosimeter
use in diagnostic imaging is uncommon
looks like a pen

50
Q

2 types of pocket ionization chambers

A
  1. self reading type (built in electrometer)

2. non self reading type

51
Q

components of pocket ionization chamber

A

contains 2 electrodes one positive one negative
when charged electrodes are exposed to xrays or gamma rays the positive electrode becomes ionized and discharges mechanism in proportion to amount of radiation to which it has been exposed

52
Q

t or f

you need a special charging unit for a pocket ionization chamber

A

true

53
Q

pocket ionization chambers are sensitive to exposures ranging from

A

0 to 5.2x10^-5 c/kg

54
Q

advantages of pocket ionization chamber

A 
immediate readout 
compact
convenient  
accurate and sensitive 
ideal for short duration
55
Q

disadvantages of pocket ionization chamber

A

expensive
must be read each day
subject to mechanical shock
could get false reading if dropped

56
Q

3 types of radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

A
  1. ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie pie)
  2. geiger muller detector (GM) (seen in nuc med)
  3. proportional counter
57
Q

requirements for radiation survey instruments for area monitoring

A 
portable 
durable
reliable
interact with ionizing radiation similar to human tissue
detect all common types of radiation 
cost effective 
calibrated annually
58
Q

ionization chamber-type survey meter

CUTIE PIE

A

small in size
measures exposure rate (c/kg)
used for area surveys
measures x and gamma radiation

59
Q

sensitivity range of the CUTIE PIE

A

measures intensities from 1 mR to several R

60
Q

advantage of the cutie pie

A

able to measure a wide range of radiation exposure within a few seconds

61
Q

disadvantages of the cutie pie

A

delicate
without adequate warm up reading may be inaccurate
cannot measure diagnostic procedures because exposure times are too short

62
Q

what is the cutie pie most commonly used to measure

A

exposure rates at various distances from patient who has received radioactive material for diagnostic or therapeutic use

63
Q

proportional counter

A

serves no purpose in diagnostic imaging

used in alb setting to detect alpha and beta radiation

64
Q

geiger muller detector

A

primary portable radiation survey instrument for area monitoring in nuclear medicine facilities
detects area contaminated by radioactive material
locates lost radioactive source or low level radioactive contamination

65
Q

geiger muller detector components

A

has an audible sound system that alerts operator to the presence of ionizing radiation

66
Q

disadvantages of the geiger muller detector

A

not independent of energy of incident photon

saturates or jams when placed in very high intensity radiation area giving a false reading

Radiation protection (12 decks)

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