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Radiation protection > chapter 5 EXAM 3 > Flashcards

chapter 5 EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

radiation survey instruments

A

area monitoring devices that direct and measure radiation

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2
Q

personnel dosimetry

A

the monitoring of radiation exposure to any person occupationally exposed on a regular basis to ionizing radiation

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3
Q

exposure monitoring is required when radiation workers are likely to receive

A

10% or more of the annual ocupational EfD limit in any single year due to their work activity

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4
Q

most healthcare facilities issue dosimeters when personnel could receive

A

1% of the annual occupational EfD limit in any month

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5
Q

what is the purpose of personnel dosimeter

A

for your safety.
determines the amt. of exposure by measuring the amt. of ionizing radiation the dosimeter has been exposed to
detects and measures the amt. of radiation it has been exposed to

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6
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

during routine radiographic procedures

A

attached to the clothing on the front of body at collar level to approximate the dose to thyroid, head and neck

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7
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

when a protective apron is worn

A

outside apron at collar level in the front

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8
Q

placement of personnel dosimeter

as a second monitor when a protective apron is worn

A

1st dosimeter worn at collar level

2nd dosimeter worn beneath apron at waist level (measures dose to lower body trunk)

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9
Q

commercial lead aprons have how much lead equivalent

A

0.5 mm lead equivalent over all

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10
Q

commercial lead aprons have how much lead equivalent in a less heavy version

A

0.35mm lead in the front and 0.25mm lead in the back

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11
Q

monitor for the embryo-fetus

A

wears primary dosimeter at collar level

second monitor records dose to the abdomen worn at waist level

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12
Q

extremity dosimeter

A

used when performing fluoroscopic procedures when hand is near primary beam
measures dose to hands of the wearer

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13
Q

extremity dosimeter contains the following info

A

account number, name, wear date, R or L hand, size and reference number

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14
Q

TLD stands for

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter

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15
Q

characteristics of personnel dosimeters

A

lightweight/easy to carry
durable
able to detect large and small exposures
outside influences should not affect its performance
inexpensive

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16
Q

4 types of personnel dosimeters

A
  1. optically stimulated luminescense (OSL)
  2. film badges
  3. thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
  4. pocket ionization chambers
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17
Q

when were optically stimulated luminescense dosimeters developed

A

the late 1990’s

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18
Q

optically stimulated luminescense (OSL)

A

most common type
are replacing film badges
a combo of film and TLD while eliminating their disadvantages

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19
Q

OSL dosimeter contains

A

an aluminum oxide detector

and is read by a laser light

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20
Q

the OSL dosimeter can be worn for

A

1 year but commonly is switched out every 1-3 months

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21
Q

what is the inhouse reader called that landauer does sell

A

microStar

this allows occupational exposure to be read the day of occurrence

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22
Q

what are the 3 different filters in an OSL badge

A
  1. copper
  2. aluminum
  3. tin
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23
Q

T or F

aluminum absorbs the least in an OSL badge

A

true

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24
Q

T or F

copper attenuates the most in an OSL badge

A

true

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25
when high energy radiation strikes the OSL dosimeter,
the laser reading would show a similar reading through all the filters
26
when low energy radiation strikes the OSL dosimeter,
the laser reading would be more pronounced in the region covered by the aluminum filter
27
T or F | OSL dosimeters are extemely sensitive
true | the increased sensitivity makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low radiation environments
28
control monitor
the monitoring company provides this with each batch of dosimeters to make sure when they are transferred the reading is not compromised by anything that comes from the outside environment.
29
advantages of OSL monitors
``` lightweight, durable color coded tamperproof extended wear frequencies increased sensitivity inexpensive ```
30
an OSL dosimeter has an accurate reading as low as
1 mrem (10microseiverts) for xray and gamma ray photons with energies ranging from 5KeV to greater than 40 MeV
31
disadvantages of OSL monitors
exposure is recorded only in body area where it was worn exposure cannot be determined on day of exposure must wear it for it to be efficient
32
Film Badge consists of
film holder metal filters film packet
33
when did film badges come into use
1940's
34
film holder
made of plastic | has low atomic number
35
metal filters
located inside film holder made of aluminum and copper allow measurement of approximate energy of radiation determine direction it reached film determines if exposure was from scatter or primary radiation
36
film packet
sensitive to doses ranging from 0.1 mSv to 5000mSv doses below this are not usually detected and reported as minimal lead foil on back of film to absorb scatter coming from behind dosimeter
37
radiation interacting with film badge causes the film to
blacken
38
function of control badge
serves as a basis for comparison
39
increased optical density on a film badge is read with
a densitometer
40
personnel monitoring reports
accurately records and maintains records to meet state and federal regulations supplies written personnel report to health care facility
41
change in employment by radiation worker
must convey the data pertinent to accumulated equivalent dose to the new employer to be placed on file
42
advantages of film badges
permanent legal record of personnel exposure economical mechanical integrity
43
disadvantages of film badges
temp and humidity can cause fogging exposure cannot be determined on day of exposure less sensitive to ionizing radiation
44
thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) detector is made of
sensing material is lithium flouride
45
how TLD dosimeter works
radiation causes electrons in the lithium flouride molecules to absorb energy and become excited to higher energy levels and become trapped. after being passed through special heating process trapped electrons return to normal state and emit light
46
TLD analyzer measures
the amount of ionizing radiation by heating crystals to free trapped electrons and records amount of light emitted
47
advantages of TLD
interacts with ionizing radiation as human tissue does exposures as low as 1.3x10^-6c/kg can be measured precisely environmental factors do not affect it may be worn up to 3 months crystals can be reused
48
disadvantages of TLD
high initial cost | readout process destroys stored info
49
pocket ionization chamber
most sensitive type of personnel dosimeter use in diagnostic imaging is uncommon looks like a pen
50
2 types of pocket ionization chambers
1. self reading type (built in electrometer) | 2. non self reading type
51
components of pocket ionization chamber
contains 2 electrodes one positive one negative when charged electrodes are exposed to xrays or gamma rays the positive electrode becomes ionized and discharges mechanism in proportion to amount of radiation to which it has been exposed
52
t or f | you need a special charging unit for a pocket ionization chamber
true
53
pocket ionization chambers are sensitive to exposures ranging from
0 to 5.2x10^-5 c/kg
54
advantages of pocket ionization chamber
``` immediate readout compact convenient accurate and sensitive ideal for short duration ```
55
disadvantages of pocket ionization chamber
expensive must be read each day subject to mechanical shock could get false reading if dropped
56
3 types of radiation survey instruments for area monitoring
1. ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie pie) 2. geiger muller detector (GM) (seen in nuc med) 3. proportional counter
57
requirements for radiation survey instruments for area monitoring
``` portable durable reliable interact with ionizing radiation similar to human tissue detect all common types of radiation cost effective calibrated annually ```
58
ionization chamber-type survey meter | CUTIE PIE
small in size measures exposure rate (c/kg) used for area surveys measures x and gamma radiation
59
sensitivity range of the CUTIE PIE
measures intensities from 1 mR to several R
60
advantage of the cutie pie
able to measure a wide range of radiation exposure within a few seconds
61
disadvantages of the cutie pie
delicate without adequate warm up reading may be inaccurate cannot measure diagnostic procedures because exposure times are too short
62
what is the cutie pie most commonly used to measure
exposure rates at various distances from patient who has received radioactive material for diagnostic or therapeutic use
63
proportional counter
serves no purpose in diagnostic imaging | used in alb setting to detect alpha and beta radiation
64
geiger muller detector
primary portable radiation survey instrument for area monitoring in nuclear medicine facilities detects area contaminated by radioactive material locates lost radioactive source or low level radioactive contamination
65
geiger muller detector components
has an audible sound system that alerts operator to the presence of ionizing radiation
66
disadvantages of the geiger muller detector
not independent of energy of incident photon | saturates or jams when placed in very high intensity radiation area giving a false reading

Radiation protection (12 decks)

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