Chapter 8: Emotion And Motivation Flashcards
Emotion
Short-term state that includes special feelings and physical actions that prepares people for action
Feelings
- Hard to describe
- Studied carefully by measuring how close people say one feeling is to another
Appraisals
Our emotions come from how we judge what happened, which makes different people behave in different ways.
Action tendencies
Ready to do a certain set of actions that are related to emotions
James-Lange theory
Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS which in return produces an emotional experience in the brain
Cannon-Bard theory
Thought emotions occurred at the same time as, but independently of, physiological activity
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer’s two-factor theory
Stimuli triggers a general state of physiological arousal, which then is interpreted as a specific emotion
Amygdala
Plays an important role in emotion; threat detector
The Fast Pathway
Thalamus —> Amygdala
(Stimulus) (Experience of fear)
The Slow Pathway
Thalamus —> Cortex —> Amygdala
(Stimulus) (Experience of fear)
Emotional Expression
Observable sign of an emotional state (facial expressions, voice)
Universality hypothesis
All emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
Facial feedback hypothesis
Emotional expressions can make you feel the emotional experience they represent
Deceptive expression
We can control (to some extent) our expression of emotion
Lying
Telling lies affect verbal and nonverbal behaviour
Display rule
rules for how people should show how they feel in their own communities
Motivation
Internal causes of purposeful behaviour
Drives
Internal state generated by physiological needs
Homeostasis
Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
Drive-reduction theory
Suggests that organisms are motivated to reduce their drives or needs
Hedonic principle
all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
Primary motivation
Is to feel good rather than bad
Emotional regulation
using different mental and physical strategies to change how someone feels
Reappraisal
Changing the way you think/judge about something
Hunger
Humans are motivated to eat to convert food to energy
Orexigenic
Switches on the experience of hunger
Anorexigenic
Switches off the experience of hunger
Binge-Eating Disorder
Recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating large number of calories in a short time
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating followed by excessive exercising
Anorexia Nervosa
Intense fear of being fat, resulting in severe restriction of food intake
Obesity causes
BMI of 30+
- caused by genes, environmental toxins, lack of exercise and overeating
Metabolism
Rate at which energy is used by the body (reduces fat)
Sexual desire
Desire for sex is necessary for survival of DNA
Human sexual response cycle
Stages of physiological arousal durning sexual activity
Biological motivations
Food, sex, oxygen and sleep that are shared with animals
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eating fries)
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but lead to a reward (exams, homework)
The overjustification effect
people who are rewarded for a behaviour become less motivated to repeat it
Conscious motivation
Motivation in which one is aware of
Unconscious motivation
Motivation in which one is not aware of
Achievement motivation
Motivation to experience positive outcomes
Avoidance motivation
Motivation to not experience negative outcomes
Loss aversion
Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains
Terror management theory
A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own death
