Chapter 10: Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence
Ability to use your mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience
how is intelligence be measured?
Intelligence/Quotient test
Types of IT tests
Stanford-Binet IS, Wechsler IS for children and Wechsler IS for adults
IT scores
Predict academic performance, occupational status, job performance, and income, health and longevity
Charles Spearman
looked to discover if there was an order of abilities
Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence
suggests that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)
Louis Thurstone
argued for a few mental abilities that were stable and independent (e.g., perceptual, verbal, numerical)
three-level hierarchy
describes correlations between scores on different mental ability tests. Memory, Reasoning, Verbal skill
Middle-level abilities
lie between specific and general mental abilities regarding intelligence
Data-based approach
Connects intelligence test performance to groups
Theory-based approach
carefully examines human abilities before deciding which IQ tests measure (or don’t measure)
John Carroll
found patterns of correlation among eight independent middle-level abilities
Fluid intelligence
Ability to recognize mental relationships and make sense of them logically
Robert Sternberg three kinds of intelligence
Analytic, Creative, Practical Intelligence
Analytic intelligence
problem-solving, ability to identify and define problems and find strategies for solving them, ‘books smarts’
Creative intelligence
novel solutions, ability to generate solutions that other people do not
Practical intelligence
everyday, ability to implement solutions in everyday settings ‘street’ smarts
Emotional intelligence
Ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
Where does intelligence come from?
Intelligence is the joint product of innate characteristics and unique experiences
Plato
Suggested that people are born with innate intelligence that make them good rulers, soldiers, tradesmen
Sir Francis Galton
conducted some of the earliest genetics studies of intelligence in famous families and made the case that intelligence is hereditary
Genetic relatedness
Family members may have similar levels of intelligence because they share genes.
Research Approaches
People who share all their genes have similar intelligence test scores regardless of whether they share environments.
Heritability coefficient (h²)
Statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s IQ scores that differences in their genes can explain
What do Heritability coefficient tell us?
how big influence genes have on the differences in a particular group of people’s IQ scores
Age and Heritability of Intelligence
The heritability of intelligence generally increases with the age of the sample measured
The Flynn effect
Accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about 0.3% every year
average IQ
- is 100
- about 68% of people have IQs between 85 and 115
Cognitive enhancers
drugs that improve the psychological processes below performance
- Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil
Technological enhancements
Brain structure alteration; gene manipulation or editing (CRISPR)
