Chapter 12: Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

people’s different style of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from one another and how those differences shape how they respond in different situations

Question 2

Self-Report

Answer 2

a method of gathering data by asking a person to provide information about themselves, such as their thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors

Question 3

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 3

psychological test that assesses personality traits and used to help diagnose mental health issues, develop treatment plans, and assess psychological stability

Question 4

Projective techniques

Answer 4

research methods that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit a person’s true feelings, desires, and other personality characteristics

Question 5

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 5

a type of projective technique in which people look at ambiguous inkblot images and describe what they see in each one

Question 6

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 6

a type of projective technique in which people tell a story about each picture, describing the scene, the people’s thoughts and emotions, and what happens next

Question 7

Trait

Answer 7

a consistent, stable, and coherent pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that’s unique to an individual, building blocks of personality

Question 8

The Big Five of Personality

Answer 8

Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Question 9

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 9

how unconscious mental forces influence a person’s behaviour, emotions, and feelings, The idea that childhood experiences are a key factor in shaping personality

Question 10

Id

Answer 10

the part of your personality that wants to feel good and acts on basic instincts without thinking, It is driven by basic needs and desires

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

the part of your personality that thinks things through and makes decisions, helps balance the wants of the id and the rules of the superego

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

the part of your personality that judges right from wrong and is shaped by parents and society, makes you feel proud, happy, ashamed, or guilty based on your actions

Question 13

Defence Mechanisms

Answer 13

unconscious mental processes that protect the mind from anxiety and unacceptable impulses

Question 14

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Answer 14

a theory of human development that describes how a person’s personality and sexuality develop through five stages:
- Oral: (birth-1yr), the mouth is a sensitive area.
- Anal: (1-3yrs), the focus is on controlling urination and bowel movements.
- Phallic: (3-6 yrs), the genitals are a sensitive area.
- Latency: (6 years-13yrs), sexual feelings are not active
- Genital: (13 and up), people start to show interest in the opposite sex

Question 15

Humanistic Approach

Answer 15

focuses on the whole person, their potential, and their relationship with the world

Question 16

Self-Actualizing Tendency

Answer 16

describes the innate drive within people to grow, fulfill themselves, and reach their full potential

Question 17

Existential Approach

Answer 17

focuses on understanding the human condition and the meaning of life and reality of death

Question 18

Angst

Answer 18

a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or insecurity, people who are feeling angsty may express worry, dread, restlessness, or insecurity

Question 19

Social-Cognitive Approach

Answer 19

explains how people’s personalities are shaped by a dynamic interaction between their personal factors, behaviour, and environment

Question 20

Person-Situation Controversy

Answer 20

psychological debate that centres on whether a person’s personality or the situation they are in is more influential in determining their behaviour

Question 21

Person Constructs

Answer 21

a mental framework or schema that a person uses to interpret their experiences and observations of the world; how people perceive themselves and others

Question 22

Outcome Expectancies

Answer 22

the extent to which someone anticipates a positive or negative result based on their learning that a specific response leads to a desirable or undesirable outcome

Question 23

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 23

the belief that a person’s own actions and decisions control the outcomes of events in their life; people feel responsible for their success or failure

Question 24

External Locus of Control

Answer 24

the belief that external forces, like luck, fate, or other people, control the outcomes of events in a person’s life; people feel that they don’t have control over what happens to them

Question 25

Self-Concept

Answer 25

a person’s overall idea of who they are, including their physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects; a collection of beliefs and opinions about oneself

Question 26

Self-Esteem

Answer 26

the extent to which someone values and perceives their own characteristics and qualities; how much someone likes and values themselves, and how good they feel about who they are

Question 27

Implicit Egotism

Answer 27

the tendency to unconsciously favour things that resemble oneself. It can affect a wide range of decisions

Question 28

Name-Letter Affect

Answer 28

the tendency to favour alphabetical letters based on one’s name, especially initials