chapter 8- Comparing health status and burden of disease across countries

Question 1

Gross National Income GNI

Answer 1

modern system of classifying countries.

(GNI) per capita is the measure used to categorise countries according to the income groupings used by the World Bank.

Question 2

characteristic of high, middle and low income countries

Answer 2

• economic
• environmental
• social

Question 3

economic characteristics - def

Answer 3

range of factors relating to the financial or economic state of a country can influence the opportunities and resources

Question 4

economic characteristics examples

Answer 4

low levels of poverty
wider range of industries (mining, processing, manufacturing)
high average income
opportunities for global trade market

Question 5

social characteristics examples

Answer 5

birth and population rates (Access to contraception, choice in family planning, career choices)
gender equality (males and females have opportunities and choices in education, employment)
Education and employment levels
Social security systems (unemployed or unable to work are driven further into poverty.)
Access to technology
Legal systems (strong political and legal systems- risk of civil conflict)

Question 6

environmental characteristics examples

Answer 6

Safe water and sanitation
Food security
Adequate housing and infrastructure (poor ventilation, lack of heating and cooling, poor resistance to infestation of disease-carrying organisms) - (roads and transport systems, piped water, sewerage systems, electricity grids )
Levels of carbon dioxide emissions (linked to climate change and the associated effects )

Question 7

similarities and differences of health status

Answer 7

– life expectancy
- mortality and morbidity (child)
- burden of disease
‘double burden of disease’ - added strain on the relatively basic healthcare available and contributes to poorer health status.

Question 8

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - list

Answer 8

• access to safe water
• sanitation
• poverty
• inequality and discrimination
• global distribution and marketing of tabacoo and alcohol

Question 9

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - safe water

Answer 9

AKA clean water relates to water that is safe for human use and is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens.
0 children are particularly susceptible to impacts of unsafe water bc of under developed immune systems.
- women spend many hours collecting water and children miss out on school, contributing to cycle of poverty.

Question 10

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - sanitation

Answer 10

refers to the provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine and faces.
lack of sanitation is a major contributor ro contaminated water supplies.
women and girls are particularly susceptible , can’t attend school (contributing to poverty) and wait until dark to relieve themselves, exposing to physical and sexual attacks.

Question 11

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - poverty

Answer 11

Those living on less than 50 per cent of their country’s average income. The level of GNI affects the government’s ability to

• higher rates of infectious diseases such as malaria because they are unable to afford mosquito nets (poor quality houses)
• higher rates of respiratory diseases due to poor ventilation
• higher U5 mortality because unable to afford food contributing to malnutrition - organ failure - premature death

Question 12

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - inequality and discrimination

Answer 12

basic human rights
race,religon,gender
groups who are discriminated against have higher rates of depression, anxiety premature death U5 mortality.
results in social exclusion

Question 13

factors that contribute to access to similarities and differences in BOD - global distribution and marketing

Answer 13

Globalisation makes it easier for companies to distribute, market and sell their services and products in all corners of the globe.
generally the unhealthier processed foods that are actively marketed to consumers and contribute to a range of negative health outcomes.
Low and middle-income countries have been specifically targeted by manufacturers of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods, and this is contributing to an increase in non-communicable diseases in these countries.