chapter 5- changes in Australia's health status

Question 1

public health

Answer 1

public health relates to the actions the government takes to prevent illness and promote health and well being.
The health of the population as a whole

Question 2

old public health

Answer 2

‘old public health’ had a focus on changing the physical environment to prevent spread of disease.
e.g. providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.
1800 to 1960s

Question 3

increased risk of infectious diseases was due to-

Answer 3

-poor air quality due to the rise of factories.
• inadequate food storage and preparation.
• waste collection being performed by ‘nightmen’,
who deposited it into main waterways, which resulted in an increase of diseases such as cholera

Question 4

patterns in mortality over time

Answer 4

• vaccine preventable diseases
• infectious and parasitic diseases
• Circulatory diseases
• Cancer

Question 5

Biomedical model of health

Answer 5

Focusses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
dominated australias health system

Question 6

strengths of the biomedical model of health

Answer 6

• Life expectancy extended and quality of life improved
• Leads to significant advances in medical technology and research
• imdividual based not population so treatment is more appplicible

Question 7

limitations of the biomedical model of health

Answer 7

• The ‘fix-it’ approach doesn’t promote good health
• Relies on costly medical technology and practitioners
• Not all conditions can be treated or cured
• relatively expensive as medical professionals and technology is central to the approach

Question 8

improvements in medical technology

Answer 8

• 1907 first successful blood transfusion

- 1945 development of the influenza vaccine

Question 9

features/approach of the biomedical model of health

Answer 9

It is relatively expensive
It focuses on the disease itself and not the factors that contribute to disease
- therefore doesn’t specifically target disease prevention
It is responsible for many developments in medical technology and knowledge
- and is therefore a key reason for life expectancy increasing
It focusses on individuals with disease, not the whole population.

Question 10

Policies and practices associated with the old public health / shift to health promotion

Answer 10

• improved water and sanitation
• Quarantine laws
• Improved food and nutrition
• Improved working conditions
• Establishment of public health campaigns
• More hygienic birthing practice

Question 11

New public health

Answer 11

An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health

Question 12

Social model of health

Answer 12

An approach that directs effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

Question 13

defining features of the social health model

Answer 13

It focuses on the broader determinants (factors) of health (the sociocultural and environmental factors)
It focuses on communities and groups rather than individuals
It is relatively inexpensive as a large focus is in education and disease prevention.
It can prevent diseases from occurring in the first place
It aims to improve the health status of disadvantaged groups

Question 14

strengths of the social health model

Answer 14

It promotes good HWB because it prevents diseases
It promotes overall HWB as it focuses on factors that contribute to a disease
It is relatively inexpensive
It focuses on vulnerable population groups as it includes a focus on equity
Education can be passed on from generation to generation

Question 15

limitiations of the social health model

Answer 15

Not every condition can be prevented
It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
It does not address health and wellbeing concerns of individuals
health promotions can be ignored, resulting in nothing

Question 16

IDEAR- Principles of the social model of health

Answer 16

intersectoral collaboration- 
determinants (or factors) of health- 
Empowers individuals and communities- 
access to health care- 
reduce social inequalities-

Question 17

Intersectoral Collaboration

Answer 17

if many sectors work together. Sectors such as the health sector, education sector, government and non-government organisations.
road safety; the TAC work with schools, community groups, etc.

Question 18

Addresses the broader determinants of health

Answer 18

targeting the barriers that play a significant role in the health outcomes. Factors such as education, income, occupation, housing, access to health care and cultural
eg. indigenous health campaigns

Question 19

Empowers individuals and communities

Answer 19

individuals and communities are more likely to embrace health programs if they play a part in the planning and delivery of different initiatives. They should also be given the skills and resources.
eg. healthy eating programs at schools

Question 20

Acts to increase access to health care

Answer 20

people still lack access to health care for a variety of reasons; cultural, economic, geographic, education, transport and language etc. These barriers must be addressed in order to promote health and wellbeing.
eg, NDIS, telephone doctors appointments

Question 21

Acts to reduce social inequalities

Answer 21

order to improve health and wellbeing in disadvantaged groups, these inequities must be specifically targeted.
eg. welfare payments

Question 22

ottawa charter of health promotion

Answer 22

1986. The Ottawa Charter aims to assist government and non-governments organisations in implementing the social model of health.
      = Health promotion

Question 23

health promotion

Answer 23

‘enabling people to take control over, and improve their health.’

Question 24

three strategies for health promotion

Answer 24

• advocate
• enable
• mediate

Question 25

advocate HP

Answer 25

This strategy aims to speak on behalf of these groups so the many factors that influence health are as favourable as possible.

eg. social media campaigns
- refugees advocates

Question 26

enable HP

Answer 26

This strategy aims to provide people with the knowledge and skills required to take over, and improve their health.
eg. access to resources i.e housing, food, equality

Question 27

mediate HP

Answer 27

This strategy aims to work with all groups to ensure the greatest health achievements can be made.
to resolve conflict and improve health outcomes
eg. legislation and laws. i.e reducing speed limits around schools

Question 28

five action areas

bad cats smell dead rats

Answer 28

• Build healthy public policy
• Create supportive environments
• Strengthen community actions
• Develop personal skills
• Reorient health services

Question 29

Build healthy public policy

Answer 29

Laws and policies can be made by governments and non-government organisations that promote health.
EG. include seatbelt laws, banning public smoking and taxing smokes

Question 30

creative support environments

Answer 30

Sociocultural and physical environments should be manipulated so that healthier choices are made easier.
- sustainable for future generations
EG. installing bicycle paths are examples of this.
smoking quit line

Question 31

Strengthen community actions

Answer 31

Maximum benefits to health are achieved when all groups work together to achieve a common goal.
Government and non-government and the private sector should work together to promote health.
Example- Schools, parents, police governments and the TAC all play a role in promoting road safety.

Question 32

develop personal skills

Answer 32

This area is concerned with education .
When people have the skills to improve their health and wellbeing, they are more likely to do so.
eg. pamphlets

Question 33

reorient health services

Answer 33

focus to health promotion instead of just focusing on treating disease and encompass all members of the community .
eg. doctors prescribing exercise before a person has a health attack