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Biology 1010 > Chapter 8 - Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do normal, healthy cells divide?

A
  1. growth and development
  2. cell replacement or renewal
  3. to heal wounds or repair damage
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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

compact structure that contains DNA

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3
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

chromosome with an identical partner

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4
Q

What is a centromere?

A

portion of a chromosome which keeps replicated chromatids together, where sister chromatids are joined together

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5
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

one of the two replicated strands of a duplicated chromosome (joined by a centromere)

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6
Q

What are spindle fibers?

A

microtubules that attach to the centromere and move the chromosomes around during cell division

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7
Q

How do cells divide?

A

before division, cells make a copy of their contents (each new cell much have same amount of organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm as original) –> divides into two daughter cells

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8
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

ordered sequence of stages through which a cell progresses in order to divide during it’s life

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9
Q

Is interphase a phase of cell division?

A

NO

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10
Q

What are the steps of Interphase?

A

G0: cell cycle arrest
G1: “macromolecule synthesis” - cell contents (excluding chromosomes) are duplicated, DNA in nucleus is doubled
S: “synthesis” - cell replication, each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated
G2: preparation for mitosis, cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, makes repairs

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11
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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12
Q

What is Prophase?

A

“Prepare to divide,” or “Presence of chromosomes”

  • nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
  • chromatin fibers coil and chromosomes thicken/can be seen by microscope
  • spindle fibers also begin to appear
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13
Q

What is Metaphase?

A

“Middle of the cell”

  • centromeres of the chromosomes arrange themselves into equatorial (linear) plane at middle of cell
  • homologous chromosomes do not “synapse” or line up side-by-side (if they did, daughter cells would be identical)
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14
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

“move Away”

  • the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers and separate and move to opposite ends of cell
  • microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen and push poles further apart/elongating the cell
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15
Q

What is Telophase?

A

“Two separate nuclei”

  • chromosomes disappear, nuclear membrane reappears
  • still connected by cytoplasm
  • DNA division is complete
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16
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

duplicated chromosomes are separated, then two daughter nuclei form

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17
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic contents divided in half by formation of a new cell membrane (daughter cells contain full complement of organelles and DNA)

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18
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A
  1. chromosomes condense, nuclear membranes break down
  2. chromosomes tethered to spindle fibers that direct movement
  3. chromosomes aligned down the middle of the dividing cell
  4. duplicated chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
  5. nuclear membrane reforms around each daughter nucleus
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19
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

where the cells “furrow”/pinch and divide

-animal cells must create new cell plate –> leads to formation of new cell wall

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20
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a picture where homologous chromosomes can be lined up and analyzed

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21
Q

What is a diploid?

A

2 sets of chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad), 2n

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22
Q

What kind of cells are sex cells?

A

haploid

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23
Q

What kind of cells are autosomal cells?

A

diploid

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24
Q

What are gametes?

A

haploid sex cells, specialized reproductive cells (egg + sperm)

25
Q

What is a zygote?

A

result when haploid sperm cell fertilizes haploid eggs cell

-2 copies of every gene

26
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis?

A
  1. Meiosis I
  2. Synapsis
  3. Meiosis II
    * PMAT occurs twice
27
Q

What happens in Meiosis I?

A

we end up with two daughter cells with the homologous pairs pulled apart

28
Q

What happens in Synthesis?

A

occurs when the replicated homologues pair up (only in meiosis)

29
Q

What happens in Meiosis II?

A

pulling apart of sister chromatids

-pulls the single duplicated chromosomes into separate chomatids and we end up with 4 haploid gametes

30
Q

What happens when a cell doesn’t pass a checkpoint?

A
  • irreparable damage

- apoptosis: programmed cell death

31
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • programmed cell death
  • also part of normal development, scheduled death of soft tissue cells that form “web” between digits in utero, tadpoles lose tails when maturing into a frog
32
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

reproduction without fertilization of an egg by sperm

-offspring inherits all chromosomes from a single parent

33
Q

What is chromatin?

A

fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules, make up chromosomes
-helps organize and regulate access to DNA during DNA replication, expression, and cell division

34
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wound around histone molecules

35
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

two copies of identical genes within chromosomes

36
Q

What is interphase?

A

the period when a cell performs its normal functions within an organism (ex. stomach lining making/releasing molecules that aid in digestion)

  • roughly doubles everything in its cytoplasm
  • 90% of cell cycle
37
Q

What s a tumor?

A

abnormal mass of body cells

38
Q

What is metastasis?

A

spread of cancer cells beyond original site through lymph/blood vessels to other parts of the body

39
Q

What happens in Prophase I?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments

-“cross over” to rearrange genetic information

40
Q

What happens in Metaphase I?

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes line up

  • sister chromatids still attached at centromeres
  • poised to move to opposite ends of cell because microtubules come from opposite centromeres
41
Q

What happens in Anaphase I?

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes split up

-in contrast to mitosis, sister chromatids stay intact (just separated from homologous partners)

42
Q

What happens in Telophase I/Cytokinesis?

A

Two haploid cells form, chromosomes are still doubled

-each pole has haploid chromosome set

43
Q

What happens in Prophase II?

A

spindle forms and moves the chromosomes toward the middle of the cell

44
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

A

the chromosomes are aligned as they are in mitosis, with the microtubules attached to the sister chromatids of each chromosome coming to opposite poles

45
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

the centromeres of sister chromatids separate and the sister chromatids of each pair move toward opposite poles of the cell

46
Q

What happens in Telophase II?

A

nuclei form at the cell poles –> cytokinesis (4 haploid daughter cells each with single chromosomes)

47
Q

How is DNA organized in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA wrapped around proteins in complex called chromatin

48
Q

What are examples of haploid cells?

A

egg and sperm gametes

49
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

What kinds of cells?

A

Mitosis: all cells
Meiosis: just gamete-producing cells

50
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

Does synapse occur?

A

Mitosis: no
Meiosis: yes

51
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

How many daughter cells produced?

A

Mitosis: 2 daughter cells
Meiosis: 4 daughter cells

52
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

Is the original cell haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis: either haploid or diploid
Meiosis: must be diploid

53
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis: haploid or diploid depending on original cell
Meiosis: haploid

54
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

What is the genetic content of the daughter cell in relation to the original cell?

A

Mitosis: content is identical
Meiosis: content differs

55
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis:

How does the content compare between daughter cells?

A

Mitosis: identical
Meiosis: different

56
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

points that ensure that each stage of the cell cycle is completely accurately

57
Q

What happens at the G1-S checkpoint?

A

Is there a signal to divide? Is cell size adequate?

Is there enough raw material to replicate DNA?

58
Q

What happens at the G2-M checkpoint?

A

Are chromosomes fully replicated? Is DNA damage repaired?

59
Q

What happens at the Mid-Mitosis checkpoint?

A

Are chromosomes aligned properly for separation of chromatids?

Biology 1010 (13 decks)

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