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Biology 1010 > Chapter 10 - The Structure and Function of DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - The Structure and Function of DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • common to all living organisms
  • instruction manual for how to build individual, hereditary molecule passed down from parents
  • formed from nucleotides linked together into long polymer chains
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2
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell?

A

in prokaryotic –> found in cytoplasm (no chromosome, not coded in proteins)
in eukaryotic –> found in nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, DNA coded in proteins

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3
Q

How is DNA organized in eukaryotic nucleus?

A

-not “naked”: wrapped around proteins in chromatin

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

material of which chromosomes are composed of

-helps organize and regulate access to DNA during gDNA replication, gene expression, and cell division

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5
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a single DNA molecule wrapped in proteins

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6
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

by microscope during mitosis (division), otherwise diffused in cytoplasm (cannot see)

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7
Q

What is the duplicate code?

A

pairing chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)

  • greater sequence –> variation in offspring
  • backup code if one is defective
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8
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • each strand composed of chains of nucleotide monomers

- two polymer strands link up to form double-helix

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9
Q

What bonds are between adjacent nucleotides in DNA?

A 
covalent bonds ("runners)
*strong, lots of energy
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10
Q

What bonds are between opposite strands of nucleotides in DNA?

A 
hydrogen bonds ("rungs")
*weak --> easily broken during replication (good thing)
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11
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Three smaller molecules

  1. phosphate
  2. (deoxyribose) sugar
  3. nitrogenous base
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12
Q

What four bases can nucleotides have?

A
  1. Adenine (A) (double ring)
  2. Thymine (T) (single ring)
  3. Guanine (G) (double ring)
  4. Cytosine (S) (single ring)
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13
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

two DNA strands held together by base pairing (hydrogen bond) between the bases of each strand

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14
Q

What is the complementary base pairing rule?

A

A always pairs with T

C always pairs with G

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15
Q

What does it mean for a DNA strand to have an anti-parallel structure?

A

5’ to 3’ Orientation

  • free 5’ phosphate group and 5’ end, free 3’ hydroxyl group (OH) at 3’ end
  • during DNA replication DNA polymerase catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end
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16
Q

How is DNA replicated in eukaryotes?

A

cells can make an identical copy of a DNA molecule through the process of DNA replication using the DNA polymerase enzyme

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17
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. helicase proteins unwind DNA double strand and break H-bond between base pairs
  2. Nucleotide matching of free nucleotides to template DNA
  3. Covalent bond formation with DNA polymerase enzyme
  4. DNA Polymerase catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to 3’ end
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18
Q

What is the “template strand”?

A

original DNA strand

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19
Q

What does DNA Polymerase do?

A

inserts nucleotides, forms bonds, proof-reads

20
Q

What is helicase? What does it do?

A

enzyme that unzips/unwinds DNA

21
Q

What is Semi-Conservative Replication?

A

at end of replication, two copies of original DNA molecules exist, each molecule consists of one original and one new

22
Q

What is Gene Expression?

A

function/manifestation of a gene

23
Q

What is the process of DNA transcription?

A

gene (DNA) –> intermediate code (RNA) –> functional product (protein)

24
Q

What are the different parts of a gene sequence?

A

regulatory vs. coding region

25
Q

What is the mechanism of a gene sequence?

A
  1. translation

2. transcription

26
Q

What is a protein?

A

what’s produced when a gene is turned “on”/expressed when the encoded protein is produced

27
Q

What is a protein?

A

macromolecule made up of repeated subunits known as amino acids

28
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

structure

movement

29
Q

What is a gene?

A

protein encoded in DNA in a sequence

30
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

all have same basic core structure, but each has a unique chemical side group

31
Q

What is the linear amino acid chain?

A

the primary protein structure

32
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

chemical interactions between amino acid’s side groups and water direct 3D folding, placement of side groups

33
Q

How do side groups differ?

A
  1. Size (bulky vs. small)
  2. Charge (+, -, neutral)
  3. Hydrophobicity (attract/repel water)
    - -> gives identification
34
Q

Why do proteins have so many functions?

A

they range in lengths from 10s to several thousands of amino acid residues

35
Q

What is a regulatory sequence?

A

controls timing, location, and amount of gene expression

36
Q

What is a coding sequence?

A

determines sequence of amino acids in protein

37
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus of eukaryotes/cytoplasm of prokaryotes

38
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm on ribosome (free or in rough ER)

39
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA code (gene) in mRNA form (message) in the nucleus

40
Q

What are the steps in transcription?

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds regulatory sequence
  2. DNA strand unwinds exposing gene sequence (template strand)
  3. RNA polymerase moves along one DNA strand, “reading” the DNA coding sequence and synthesizing a complementary mRNA strand
  4. when complete, mRNA leaves nucleus. original gene remains part of chromosome, transcribed again as needed
41
Q

How does the complementary mRNA sequence follow rules of complementary base pairing?

A

same except adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U)

42
Q

What is translation?

A

when ribosome “reads” mRNA message and assembles a chain of amino acids

43
Q

What is the structural backbone of DNA?

A

sugar-phosphate interactions (each phosphate group binds to sugar group of the next)

44
Q

What is the complementary strand of GTCCAT?

A

CAGGTA

45
Q

What is required for the process of DNA replication?

A

breaking of hydrogen bonds, unwinding of DNA, enzymes (helicase/DNA polymerase), nucleotides

46
Q

What does the coding sequence of a gene do?

A

specifies shape and function of a protein

Biology 1010 (13 decks)

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