Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES > Chapter 8- Cell Division And Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Cell Division And Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division is also known as cell _____.

A

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The two “daughter” cells that result from cell division are genetically identical to _____ and _____.

A

Each other

Their original “parent cell”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are chromosomes? (Basic)

A

The structures that contain most of a cell’s genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

During cell division, daughter cells receive _____ set of ______ chromosomes from the _____ parent cell.

A

One
Identical
Lone, original

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Each offspring cell from cell division is genetically _____ to _____ and _____.

A

Identical
The other (each other daughter cell)
Original parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without participation of sperm and egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asexual reproduction results in a _____.

A

Clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Many ______-celled organisms can reproduce asexually.

A

Multi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In asexual reproduction, what is the one simple principle of inheritance?

A

The lone parent and each of its offspring have identical genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sexual reproductions requires: _____.

A

The fusion of gametes, eggs, and sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The production of gametes involves a particular type of ______ occurring only in _____ organs.

A

Cell division

Reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are gametes formed in men and women?

A

Testes and ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A gamete has _____ chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise to it.

A

Half as many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gametes contain _____ combinations of genes.

A

Unique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In sexual reproduction, offspring are ______ to _____ and ______.

A

Not identical
Each other (exception: identical twins)
Their parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Offspring resulting from sexual reproduction generally resemble ______ more than they resemble _____ of the same _____.

A

Their parents
Unrelated individuals
Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Offspring of sexual reproduction are _____ upon a common theme of family _____.

A

Variations

Resemblance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sexual reproduction requires two _____ with their own _____.

A

Parents

Gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The trillions of _____ in a _____ reproducing organism develop from a _____ fertilized _____ cell.

A

Cells
Sexually
Single
Fertilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A zygote is what?

A

Fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Once an organism is fully grown, cell division aids in _____, _____, and _____ of cells that die.

A

Renewal
Repair
Replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Every second, how many cells must divide to replace dead or lost cells?

A

Millions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Many single celled organisms such as _____ or the ______ yeast cell reproduce by _____.

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic
Cellular division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prokaryotes (single celled _____ and _____) reproduce by _____.

A

Bacteria
Archae
Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Binary fusion is a type of _____.
Cell division
26
Binary fission means “_____”.
Dividing in half
27
Fission is _____, fusion is _____.
Dividing | Combining
28
In typical prokaryotes, most genes are carried on _____ that, with associated proteins, constitutes an organism’s _____.
One circular DNA molecule | Single chromosome
29
What are the 3 steps of binary fission?
1. As the chromosome duplicates, one copy moves toward the opposite end of the cell 2. Cell elongates, chromosomes keep moving 3. Once chromosome duplication is complete and cell is 2x size, plasma membrane pinches inward and more cell wall is made, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells.
30
Binary fission is accomplished by _____, elongating and ______ and finally _____ dividing the parent cell into _____.
Chromosome duplication Separation of duplicated chromosome Pinching of the plasma membrane 2 identical daughter cells
31
Why is binary fission classified as asexual reproduction?
Because the genetically identical offspring inherit their DNA from a single parent
32
In binary fission, what occurs first? Building the cell wall, or pinching the plasma membrane?
Pinching of the plasma membrane as the cell wall is being formed
33
Eukaryotic cell’s are more _____ and much _____ than _____ cells.
Complex Larger Prokaryotic
34
Genes are the units of _____ that specify an organism’s ______.
Information | Inherited traits
35
Almost all the genes in the cells of humans and other eukaryotes are found in the _____, grouped into _____ of chromosomes.
Multiples
36
How many chromosomes do normal humans have?
46
37
Human cells carry how many genes? How about a typical bacterium?
Just under 21,000 | About 3,000
38
What is chromatin?
The long DNA molecule consisting of hundreds to thousands of genes and prtein molecules
39
Chromatin consists of roughly equal amounts of _____ and _____.
DNA | Protein
40
Chromatin will coil into ______ as a cell prepares to _____.
Chromosomes | Divide
41
Before chromosomes condense and the cell divides, the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are _____.
Duplicated
42
The chromosome duplicates, and the resulting two chromosomes are called _____ and attached at the _____.
Sister Chromatids | Centromere
43
What is the centromere?
The point of attachment (proteins) of sister chromatids
44
Joined copies of the original chromosome are called _____.
Sister chromatids
45
The two sister chromatids are attached along there entire length by proteins (T/F)?
True
46
Where are sister chromatids most closely attached?
Attached by proteins, most closely at the centromere
47
The centromere is visible as the “_____”.
A narrow waist
48
What happens to the sister chromatids when a cell divides?
The sisters chromatids of a duplicated chromosome separate from each other
49
Once separated, each sister chromatid becomes ______.
An individual chromosome identical to the cell’s original
50
What occurs to the newly formed identical chromosomes when the cell divides?
Each new chromosome goes into their own daughter cell
51
Each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of _____.
Chromosomes
52
A typical dividing human cell has #_____ duplicated chromosomes, so #_____ chromatids. Each daughter cell has #_____ single chromosomes.
46 92 46
53
When does a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?
When cell is preparing to divide and has duplicated its chromosomes but before the chromatids (duplicates) actually separate.
54
Cell division is the basis of _____ for every organism.
Reproduction
55
What is the cell cycle?
An ordered sequence of events that run from the instant a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells
56
What are the 2 stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase | Mitosis phase
57
Most of the cell cycle is spent during what phase?
Interphase
58
What is interphase?
The cell approximately doubles everything in its cytoplasm and replicates it’s DNA
59
What % of the cell cycle consists of Interphase?
90%
60
During interphase, the cell will become _____ and making more _____. The supply of _____ increases and cytoplasmic organelles such as _____ and _____.
Larger Cytoplasm Digestive proteins (small intestinal cell) Mitochondria and ribosomes
61
What are the 3 subphases of Interphase?
1. G1 Phase (“first gap”) 2. S Phase (“synthesis” of DNA, DNA replication) 3. G2 phase (“second gap)
62
Cells are very active and _____ throughout all 3 subphases of Interphase.
Grow
63
How long does the S phase last?
Approximately half the time of Interphase
64
What occurs during S phase of Interphase?
Chromosomes are duplicated
65
What occurs during G2 phase of Interphase?
Cell completes preparation for cell division
66
What is the M phase?
The mitotic phase
67
What is the mitotic phase?
The interval of the cell cycle when the cell physically divides
68
The M phase accounts for what % of time of the cell cycle?
10%
69
What are the two overlapping phases of the M Phase?
Mitosis | Cytokinesis
70
What occurs during the mitosis stage of the M phase?
The nucleus and it’s contents are (most important is the duplicated chromosomes) divide and are distributed to the two daughter cell’s nuclei
71
When does cytokinesis of the M phase begin?
Before mitosis ends
72
What occurs during cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm is split into two
73
The combination of mitosis and cytokinesis results in what?
2 daughter cells with their own: Nucleus Surrounding cytoplasm Organelles Plasma membrane
74
Mitosis is unique to ____\.
Eukaryotes
75
Error in chromosome distribution (in yeast cells) occurs only once in every _____ cell divisions.
100,000
76
How many stages comprise the mitosis stage of the M phase?
5
77
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
``` Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
78
What is the mitotic spindle?
A football shaped structure of microtubule fibers and associated proteins that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes
79
Where do spindle microtubules (of the mitotic spindle) come from?
The centrosomes, microtubule organizing regions in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
80
What occurs during prophase? In the nucleus and the cytoplasm
In the nucleus: chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled and folded forming discrete chromosomes In the cytoplasm, the mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules rapidly grow from the centrosomes, which begin moving away from each other
81
Cytokinesis is different in plants and animals. T/F
True
82
Cytokinesis overlaps with ___\_.
Telophase
83
Cytokinesis occurs via ____ in animal cells.
Cleavage
84
What is the first sign of cleavage in animal cells?
Cleavage furrow
85
What is the cleavage furrow?
A shallow grove in the cell’s surface
86
At the cleavage furrow, what exists?
A ring of microfilaments (actin and myosin)
87
What happens, at the cleavage furrow, as actin and myosin interact?
The ring of microfilaments contracts, eventually pinching shut
88
As the cleavage furrow deepens, what occurs?
Pinches the parent cell into two
89
In plants, what property prevents contraction of the cell?
Stiff cell walls
90
During telophase, membranous vesicles collect at the ____ of the _____ cell.
Middle | Parent
91
In plants during cytokinesis, what occurs to the vesicles collected in the middle?
The vesicles fuse, forming a membranous disc called the cell plate
92
What is the cell plate?
A membranous disc created by the fusion of membranous vesicles within plant cells
93
The cell plate will continue to grow outwards as what occurs?
More membranous vesicles fuse with it
94
The membrane of the cell plate eventually fuses with the _____ and the cell plates contents join the parental cell wall.
Plasma membrane

Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions