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Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES > Chapter 7- Phtosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Phtosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms capable of making their own food

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2
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms capable of making their own food, and food for heterotrophs (you and me), using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in what 3 things?

A

Plants
Uni/multi-cellular algae
Some prokaryotes

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4
Q

Photosynthesis consists of how many stages?

A

2

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5
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

A 
Light reactions (the photo part)
Calvin cycle (synthesis part)
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6
Q

The light reactions occur where?

A

In the thylakoids

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7
Q

Light reactions do what?

A

Split water
Release O2
Produce ATP
Form NADPH

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8
Q

How does CO2/O2 enters/exits plant cells?

A

Through tiny pores called Stomata

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9
Q

The chloroplast is formed by ______ membranes, enclosing an inner compartment filled with ______.

A

Two

Stroma, a thick fluid

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10
Q

What is suspended in the Stroma of the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoids

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11
Q

Thylakoids, concentrated in stacks, are called what?

A

Grana (singular: granum)

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12
Q

The thylakoids membranes contain what?

A

The chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy

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13
Q

During photosynthesis, in the summary equation, which molecules are split first two obtain sugar?

Who hypothesized this?
When was it confirmed?

Summary equation:
(6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 602)

A

Breaks the bonds of water, not carbon dioxide, to produce the 6O2 from photosynthesis.

1930s- C.B. van Niel
Confirmed 20 years later

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14
Q

Photosynthesis and _____ are _____ reactions.

A

Redox reactions

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15
Q

What becomes reduced and oxidized in the photosynthesis summary equation?

A

CO2 become reduced

H2O becomes oxidized

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16
Q

The Calvin cycle occurs where?

A

In the Stroma of the chloroplast

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17
Q

The Calvin cycle forms _____ from _____, using _____ and _____.

A

Sugar
CO2
ATP (product of light cycle)
NADPH (product of light cycle)

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18
Q

Light reactions occur where?

A

In the thylakoids

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19
Q

What is the process of light reactions?

A
  1. Water is split, 02 is released outside the chloroplast
  2. H+ electrons are transferred to the electron carrier NADP+, reducing it to NADPH
  3. Generate ATP FROM ADP + P
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20
Q

Light reactions produce _____ and the Calvin cycle produces _____.

A

O2

Sugar

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21
Q

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation

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22
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

Incorporating carbon from CO2 into organic compounds

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23
Q

Once carbon fixation is complete, what occurs in the Calvin cycle?

A

The carbon compounds are reduced to sugars

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24
Q

The electrons required in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon compounds comes from where?

A

The NADPH produced from the light cycle

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25
Q

Chemical energy (ATP) for the Calvin cycle comes from where?

A

ATP produced in the light cycle

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26
Q

What drives light reactions?

A

Visible radiation absorbed by pigments

27
Q

Sunlight contains energy called what?

A

Electromagnetic energy, or radiation

28
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

The full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from very short (gamma) to very long, radio waves

29
Q

In the electromagnetic spectrum, as the wavelength get shorter, what occurs to the amount of energy?

A

The energy increases

30
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

Distance between crest of two waves

31
Q

The shorter the wavelength, the _____.

A

Higher the energy

32
Q

What are photons?

A

Discreet packets of energy

33
Q

Discreet packets of energy are called _____.

A

Photons

34
Q

Photons have _____ of light energy.

A

Fixed quantities

35
Q

Pigments built into the thylakoids membrane absorb ______ and _____ or _____ other wavelengths.

A

Some wavelengths of light
Reflect
Transmit

36
Q

When looking at a leaf, in regard to the electromagnetic spectrum, what are you seeing?

A

The green wavelengths that are not absorbed but transmitted and reflected by the pigments.

37
Q

Chloroplasts contain ______ of pigment.

A

More than one type

38
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs very little _____ and almost all _____.

A

Green light

Blue light

39
Q

Carotenoids May do what?

A

Broaden the spectrum of light used for photosynthesis

40
Q

Carotenoids have what kind of role?

A

Photo protection

41
Q

What is photoprotection?

A

Carotenoids absorb and dissipate excess light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with O2 to form reactive oxidative molecules that can damage cell molecules

42
Q

How many types of photosystems are in thylakoids?

A

2

43
Q

What are the two photosystems in the thylakoids membrane?

A

Photosystem I

Photosystem II

44
Q

Photosystem II is best at absorbing light at what wavelength?

A

680 nm (red)

45
Q

Photosystem I is best at absorbing which wavelength?

A

700 nm

46
Q

Photosystems I and II WORK TOGETHER TO PRODUCE ____.

A

ATP and NADPH

47
Q

Light energy absorbed by the two Photosystems drives the flow of electrons from _____.

A

H2O to NADP+

48
Q

The electron transport chain helps produce what?

A

The H+ concentration gradient across the thylakoids membrane, driving H+ through ATP synthase producing ATP

49
Q

The chemiosmotic production of ATP is called?

A

Photophosphorylation

50
Q

Chlorophyll molecules are organized into clusters called?

A

Photosystem

51
Q

The Calvin Cycle uses what to produce what?

A

Uses ATP and NADPH to concert CO2 to sugar

52
Q

The Calvin and Citric Acid cycles regenerate their starting material? T/F

A

True

53
Q

Carbon enters the Calvin cycle, leaving as _____.

A

G3P (sugar, called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

54
Q

The Calvin cycle must be completed ____ times, fixing _____ molecules of _____.

A

3 Times
3 molecules
CO2

55
Q

Who discovered the Calvin cycle? What year was he awarded Nobel Peace Prize?

A

Melvin Calvin

1961

56
Q

What is carbon fixing?

A

Taking carbon from an inorganic molecule and making an organic molecule out of it

57
Q

What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Release of one molecule of G3P
  4. Regeneration of the starting molecule, ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
58
Q

_____ is an emergent property of the _____ of a chloroplast, integrating the two stages of photosynthesis.

A

Photosynthesis

Structural organization

59
Q

What are the reactants of the light cycle?

A

H2O, NADP+, ADP, P

60
Q

What are the products of the light reaction?

A

O2, NADPH, ATP

61
Q

Sugar made in chloroplasts supplies ______ and ______ to synthesize cell’s organic molecules.

A

Chemical energy

Carbon skeletons

62
Q

Photorespiration reduces the efficiency of _____.

A

Photosynthesis

63
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

In hot dry weather, C3 plants close their stomata to reduce water loss

  • prevents CO2 from entering and O2 exiting
  • as O2 builds up, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP, cannot t be used in Calvin cycle

Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES (9 decks)

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