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Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES > Chapter 3 - Molecules Of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Molecules Of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Life’s molecular diversity is based on what?

A

The properties of carbon

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2
Q

Almost all molecules a cell makes are composed of what?

A

Carbon bonded to:

  1. Other carbons
  2. Atoms of other elements
    • most commonly bonds with H, O, and N
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3
Q

Carbon based molecules are called what?

A

Organic compounds

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4
Q

What is a carbon skeleton?

A

A chain of carbon atoms that can differ in length

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5
Q

What are 3 properties of carbon skeletons?

A

They can be:

  • Straight
  • Branched
  • Arranged in rings
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6
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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7
Q

Why does CH4 not dissolve in water?

A

Because it is non-polar

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8
Q

Why is CH4 no polar?

A

Because the hydrogen atoms (H4) and carbon (C) share electrons equally creating non-polar covalent bonds

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9
Q

CH4 is commonly called _____.

A

Methane

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10
Q

What are a derivative of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of which elements?

A

C, H, O

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12
Q

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides (2 sugars)
Polysaccharides

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13
Q

What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

A

C6 H12 O6

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14
Q

What is the chemical structure of a disaccharide?

A

C12 H22 O11

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15
Q

Through what process are simple sugars combined?

A

A dehydration reaction,

Or Hydration synthesis (?)

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16
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same chemical makeup, but different covalent arrangement of their atoms

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17
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

They differ in arrangement around a double covalent bond (the double covalent bond remains the same)

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18
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Different covalent arrangements

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19
Q

What is an Enantiomer?

A

Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images

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20
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Commonly occurring groups of atoms with characteristic reactivity

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21
Q

What gives each molecule of a functional group it’s unique properties?

A

The number and arrangement of the functional groups

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22
Q

When is a disaccharide formed?

A

When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides (monomers)

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23
Q

The covalent bond between two monosaccharides is called what?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

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25
Q

What are polymers?

A

A long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together

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26
Q

What are monomers?

A

The building blocks of polymers

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27
Q

What is the most common disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

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28
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

A glucose monomer and fructose monomer linked together

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29
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

May function as storage molecules or as structural compounds

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30
Q

What are three common types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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31
Q

What is a second type of disaccharide?

A

Maltose

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32
Q

What type of saccharides does Maltose consist of?

A

2 glucose compounds

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33
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of a water molecule

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34
Q

What is starch?

A

A storage polysaccharide of plant

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35
Q

What does starch consist of? (As a polysaccharide)

A

Glucose monomers

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36
Q

Where do plants stores excess starch?

A

Stored as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

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37
Q

What is an example of a storage polysaccharide within humans and other vertebrate animals?

A

Glycogen

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38
Q

Where is glycogen stored in humans and other vertebrae?

A

In liver and muscle cells

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39
Q

What are 2 types of structural polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose

Chitin

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40
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polymer of glucose (it forms plant cell walls)

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41
Q

What is Chitin? Where is it found?

A

A polysaccharide
Used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeleton
Found in cell walls of fungi

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42
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of molecules that are classified together because they are hydrophobic

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43
Q

Lipids are not formed by ________.

A

Polymers

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44
Q

Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules to not do what?

A

Form polymers

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45
Q

What is the unifying feature of lipids?

A

They have little to no affinity for water

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46
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

Because they consist mainly of hydrocarbons, which form non-polar covalent bonds

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47
Q

What are the 3 most biologically important lipids?

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

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48
Q

Fats are constructed from what 2 types of smaller molecules?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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49
Q

What is glycerol?

A

A 3 Carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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50
Q

A hydroxyl group consists of what?

A

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom

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51
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Ethanol and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups

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52
Q

How is the hydroxyl group notated?

A

—OH

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53
Q

A carbonyl group consist of what?

A

A carbon atom linked by a double covalent bond to an oxygen atom

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54
Q

How is a carbonyl group structure notated and diagrammed?

Bonus: Where can a carbonyl group be located?

A

\
C=O
/

      H  O    H
      |    ||     |
 —C—C—C—
      |           |
A carbonyl group can be located in the middle of or at the end of a carbon skeleton (chain)
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55
Q

Where can carbonyl groups be located?

A

Within or at the end of a carbon skeleton

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56
Q

Simple sugars contain what type of functional groups?

A

Both hydroxyl and carbonyl

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57
Q

What is the carboxyl group?

A

A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group

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58
Q

How is the carboxyl group notated and diagrammed?

A

—COOH

For example:

    O
   //
-C
   \
  OH

(Carboxylic acid)

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59
Q

How is an ionized carboxyl group notated?

A 
O
   //
-C    +    H+
   \
   O-

Ionized carboxylic acid

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60
Q

The carboxyl group can function as an _______.

A

Acid

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61
Q

How can the carboxyl group function as an acid?

A

It can contribute an H+ to a solution, this becoming ionized

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62
Q

Compounds with carboxyl groups are called what?

A

Carboxylic acids

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63
Q

Ethanol, and other organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group are called what?

A

Alcohols

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64
Q

What is the amino group?

A

A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens

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65
Q

How is an amino group notated?

A

-NH2

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66
Q

The amino group can function as a what?

A

Base

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67
Q

Why can the amino group function as a base?

A

It can pick up an H+ from a solution and become ionized

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68
Q

What are organic compounds with an amino group called?

A

Amines

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69
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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70
Q

Amino acids are comprised of what functional groups?

A

An amino and carboxyl group

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71
Q

How is an amino group notated? (Diagram)

A 
H
   /
-N   +  H+
   \
   H
72
Q

How is the ionized form of an amine notated (diagram)?

A 
H
     /
-(N+)—H
     \
     H
73
Q

What is the phosphate group?

A

A phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

74
Q

Phosphate groups are usually _______.

A

Ionized

75
Q

The oxygen atoms in a phosphate group are ________ charged.

A

Negatively charged

76
Q

How is a phosphate group notated?

A

-OPO3^(-2)

77
Q

How is an adenosine tri-phosphate notated?

A 
O          O         O
   ||          ||          ||
\+O—P—O—P—O—P—O(-)
   |            |          |
   O-        O-       O-

(The O+ is indicates where Adenosine is bonded)

78
Q

Compounds with phosphate groups are called ______.

A

Organic phosphates

79
Q

Organic phosphates are often involved in what activities?

A

Energy transfers

80
Q

ATP is what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (an organic phosphate compound)

81
Q

What is a property of ATP?

A

It is energy rich

82
Q

How is a phosphate group notated?

A 
O
     ||
 —P—O(-)
     |
     O-
83
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

A carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms

84
Q

How is a methyl group notated?

A

—CH3

85
Q

What are the 6 functional groups?

A 
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
86
Q

Are all function groups hydrophilic?

A

No

87
Q

Which functional group(s) are hydrophobic?

A

Methyl group

88
Q

How is glycerol notated? (Diagram)

A 
H      H     H
        |       |       |
 H—C—-C—-C—H
        |       |       |
      OH  OH   OH

(Fatty acids bind to glycerol via dehydration synthesis with the OH molecules of glycerol attach to the carboxyl group of a hydrocarbon chain (fatty acid)

89
Q

What does a fatty acid consist of?

A

A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

90
Q

A fatty acid is what?

A

A lipid

91
Q

Fats are what?

A

Lipids

92
Q

Phospholipids are what?

A

Lipids!

93
Q

When carbon double bonds to carbon, are the bonds saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

94
Q

How do fatty acids differ?

A
  • They vary in length (# of carbons)

- They vary in # and locations of double bonds

95
Q

Saturated fatty acids have how many double bonds?

A

None

96
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogen bonds and no double bonds

97
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids containing one or more double bonded carbons

98
Q

What is the primary function of fats?

A

To store energy

99
Q

What are two examples of saturated fats?

A

Butter

Steak

100
Q

What are two examples of unsaturated fats?

A

Olive oil

Salmon

101
Q

What fatty acid is in butter?

A

Stearic acid (no double bonds)

102
Q

What fatty acid is in olive oil?

A

Oleic Acid (double bonds between carbon molecules exist)

103
Q

The process of hydrogenation creates what?

A

Trans Fats

104
Q

What are trans fats?

A

A form of fat associated with health risks.

105
Q

What does “Partially Hydrogenated Oil” mean?

A

That unsaturated fats have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, hydrogenation

106
Q

What are phospholipid?

A

The major component of cell membranes

107
Q

How are phospholipid structurally similar to fats?

A

They contain 2, instead of 3, fatty acids attached to glycerol

108
Q

Protein vary in what two purposes?

A

Function and structure

109
Q

Proteins are involved in what?

A

Nearly every dynamic function in your body

110
Q

Proteins are ____.

A

Diverse

111
Q

How many different proteins?

A

Tens of thousands, each with its own particular structure and function

112
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

One or more long chains of amino acids or polypeptides

113
Q

What are poly peptides?

A

Polymer

114
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

Monomer

115
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

116
Q

How many functional groups exist for amino acids?

A

3

117
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of an amino acids?

A

Amino group
Carboxyl group
“R” group

118
Q

What is the “R” group?

A

Consists of one or more carbon atoms with various functional groups attached

119
Q

What is the “R” group in the simplest amino acid, glycine?

A

A hydrogen atom

120
Q

How are amino acids linked together to form polymers?

A

Cells join amino acids together in a dehydration reaction

121
Q

The dehydration reaction linking amino acids together does what?

A

Links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed.

122
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The covalent linkage between amino acids as a result of a dehydration reaction causing linkage between the carboxyl and amino groups of separate amino acids

123
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two amino acids bonded together via peptide bond

124
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A group in 3 or more amino acids bonded together via dehydration reaction

125
Q

How long are most polypeptides?

A

100s, some 1,000s, of amino acids in length

126
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

127
Q

How many physical categories of amino acids are there?

A

3

128
Q

What are the physical categories of amino acids? How many amino acids in each group?

A
  1. Hydrophilic (9)
  2. Uncharged, polar (6)
  3. Charged polar (5)
129
Q

What are the hydrophilic amino acids?

A

Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan

130
Q

What are the uncharged polar amino acids?

A

Serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine

131
Q

What are the charges polar amino acids?

A

Lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and histidine

132
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there and what are they?

A

4

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

133
Q

What are the types of secondary protein structures?

A

Alpha helix

Beta pleated sheet

134
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

When segments of the polypeptide chain coil or fold into local patterns

135
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The overall three dimensional shape of a protein

136
Q

What are quaternary structures?

A

Proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain

137
Q

What determines protein conformity?

A

Primary structure, physical and chemical conditions affect protein structure

138
Q

What can cause a protein to unravel?

A

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, and temperature

139
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The loss of a protein’s native conformation

140
Q

A denatured protein is ________.

A

Biologically inactive

141
Q

Denatured proteins can be ______.

A

Denatured

142
Q

What are 6 functions proteins perform?

A
  • Structural support (keratin in fingernails
  • Transport (proteins associated with cellular membranes)
  • Regulatory (insulin)
  • Catalytic (enzymes)
  • Defense (antibodies)
  • Movement (muscle contractions)
143
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

144
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

145
Q

Nucleus acids are made from __________.

A

Polymers of nucleotides

146
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The monomers that make up nucleic acids

147
Q

What is a polynucleotide

A

A polymer

148
Q

What is at the center of a nucleotide?

A

A 5 Carbon sugar

149
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

150
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

151
Q

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?

A
  • lipids are not huge macromolecules

- lipids are not polymers built from single monomers

152
Q

Lipids are not _______.

A

Macromolecules

153
Q

How many parts of a nucleotide are there and what are they?

A

3

Center: a 5 Carbon sugar

Linked to one side of the sugar is a negatively charged phosphate group

Linked to the sugar’s other side is a nitrogenous base

154
Q

What is a nitrogenous base?

A

A molecular structure containing nitrogen (N) and carbon (C)

155
Q

How many nitrogenous bases does a DNA nucleotide have? What are they?

A

4

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

156
Q

All genetic information is written in a ___ letter alphabet. What are they?

A

4

A, T, C, G

157
Q

RNA nucleotides contain which nitrogenous bases?

A

A, C, and G

Also
U - uracil (instead of thymine)

158
Q

What are polynucleotides?

A

A nucleic acids polymer

Built from its monomers by dehydration reaction

159
Q

How are nucleotides joined to form polynucleotides (nucleotide polymers)?

A

Through a dehydration reaction.
The sugar of one nucleotide (C5, of a 5 Carbon sugar) bonds to the phosphate group (OH) of the 5 Carbon of the next monomer.

160
Q

What is the backbone of a polynucleotide?

A

Sugar-Phosphate-Sugar-Phosphate…etc

161
Q

What are NOT part of the backbone of polynucleotides?

A

Nitrogenous Bases A, C, T (U), G

162
Q

RNA consists of how many nucleotide strands?

A

1

163
Q

DNA consists of how many nucleotide strands?

A
  1. Wrapped in a double helix
164
Q

What occurs to the nitrogenous bases attached to strands of DNA nucleotides?

A

The nitrogenous bases protrude from the two sugar-phosphate backbones and pair in the center of the helix.

165
Q

A pairs with what?

A

T

166
Q

C pair with what?

A

G

167
Q

How do the nitrogenous bases (DNA chains) stay together?

A

They are held together by hydrogen bonds

168
Q

Individually, the hydrogen bonds of DNA are _______ but together they are ______.

A

Weak

Strong

169
Q

The two nucleotide strands of DNA are complimentary. What means that?

A

Due to base pairing, the sequence of bases can be predicted based off of the other strand.

170
Q

What structures carry DNA

A

Chromosomes

171
Q

Each chromosome carries how many genes?

A

Several hundred or more

172
Q

What makes DNA unique to molecules?

A

It provides its owns directions for replication

173
Q

In animals, what do the liver and muscle cells do to glycogen stored there, when need?

A

Hydro luxe the glycogen to release glucose as needed.

174
Q

What is the functional group that gives fatty acids their name?

A

—COOH

175
Q

In a fatty acid, how long is the carbon chain the carboxyl group is attached to?

A

16-18 Carbons in length

176
Q

Why are fats hydrophobic?

A

Because of the non-polar C—H2 bonds in the HYDROCARBON chain

177
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A carbon chain containing carbon and hydrogen

Biology 107 POWERPOINT SLIDES (9 decks)

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