CHAPTER 8 - Book Review Questions Flashcards
The following statements concern the precentral
area of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex:
(a) The anterior region is known as the primary
motor area.
(b) The primary motor area is responsible for skilled movements on the opposite side of the body.
(c) The function of the primary motor area is to store programs of motor activity, which are conveyed to the premotor area for the execution of movements.
(d) Individual skeletal muscles are represented in the primary motor area.
(e) The area of cortex controlling a particular movement is not proportional to the skill involved.
B is correct.
- The primary motor area of the frontal lobe is responsible for skilled movements on the opposite side of the body. A. In the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, the posterior region is known as the primary motor area (see Fig. 8-4). C. The function of the premotor area is to store programs of motor activity, which are conveyed to the primary motor area for the execution of movements. D. The individual skeletal muscles are not represented in the primary motor area. E. The area of cerebral cortex controlling a particular movement is proportional to the skill of the movement.
The following statements concern the motor speech area of Broca:
(a) In most individuals, this area is important on the left or dominant hemisphere.
(b) The Broca speech area brings about the formation of words by its connections with the secondary motor area.
(c) It is not connected to the sensory speech area of Wernicke.
(d) It is located in the superior frontal gyrus between the anterior and ascending rami and the ascending and posterior rami of the lateral
fissure.
(e) Brodmann areas 34 and 35 represent the motor
speech area.
A is correct.
- In most individuals, the speech area of Broca is important on the left or dominant hemisphere. B. The Broca speech area brings about the formation of words by its connections with the primary motor area. C. The Broca speech area is connected to the sensory speech area of Wernicke. D. The speech area of Broca is in the inferior frontal gyros between the anterior and ascending rami and the ascending and posterior rami of the lateral fissure (see Fig. 8-4). E. Brodmann areas 44 and 45 represent the motor speech area (see Fig. 8-4).
The following statements concern the primary somesthetic area:
(a) It occupies the lower part of the precentral gyrus.
(b) Histologically, it contains large numbers of
pyramidal cells and few granular cells.
(c) The opposite half of the body is represented
inverted.
(d) Although most sensations reach the cortex
from the contralateral side of the body, sensations from the hand go to both sides.
(e) The area extends onto the anterior part of the
paracentral lobule.
C is correct.
- In the primary somesthetic area, the opposite half of the body is represented inverted. A. The primary somesthetic area occupies the post-central gyrus (see Fig. 8-4). B. Histologically, the primary somesthetic area contains large numbers of granular cells and few pyramidal cells. D. Most sensations from different parts of the body reach the cortex from the contralateral side of the body; those from the hand also only go to the contralateral side. E. The primary somesthetic area extends onto the posterior part of the paracentral lobule (see Fig. 8-4).
The following statements concern the visual areas
of the cortex:
(a) The primary visual area is located in the walls
of the parieto-occipital sulcus.
(b) The visual cortex receives afferent fibers from the medial geniculate body.
(c) The right half of the visual field is represented in
the visual cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere.
(d) The superior retinal quadrants pass to the inferior portion of the visual cortex.
(e) The secondary visual area (Brodmann areas
18 and 19) is surrounded by the primary visual area on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere.
D is correct.
- The superior retinal quadrants pass to the inferior portion of the visual cortex. A. The primary visual cortex is located in the walls of the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus (see Fig. 8-4). B. The visual cortex receives afferent fibers from the lateral geniculate body. C. The right half of the visual field is represented in the visual cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere. E. The secondary visual area (Brodmann areas 18 and 19) surrounds the primary visual area on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere (see Fig. 8-4).
The following statements concern the superior temporal gyrus:
(a) The primary auditory area is situated in the
inferior wall of the lateral sulcus.
(b) The main projection fibers to the primary auditory area arise from the thalamus.
(c) The sensory speech area of Wernicke is localized in the inferior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere.
(d) A unilateral lesion of the auditory area produces complete deafness in both ears.
(e) The secondary auditory area is sometimes referred to as Brodmann areas 41 and 42.
A is correct.
- The primary auditory area is situated in the inferior wall of the lateral sulcus (see Fig. 8-4). B. The main projection fibers to the primary auditory area arise from the medial geniculate body. C. The sensory speech area of Wernicke is localized in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere (see Fig. 8-4). D. A unilateral lesion of the auditory area produces partial deafness in both ears. E. The primary auditory area is sometimes referred to as Brodmann areas 41 and 42.
The following statements concern the association areas of the cerebral cortex:
(a) They form a small area of the cortical surface. (b) The prefrontal area is concerned with the
makeup of the individual’s personality.
(c) They are concerned with the interpretation of
motor experiences.
(d) Appreciation of the body image is assembled in
the anterior parietal cortex, and the right side
of the body is represented in the left hemisphere. (e) The association areas have only four layers of
cortex.
B is correct.
- The prefrontal area is concerned with the makeup of the individual’s personality. A. The association areas of the cerebral cortex form a large area of the cortical surface. C. The association areas are concerned with the interpretations of sensory experiences. D. Appreciation of the body image is assembled in the posterior parietal cortex, and the right side of the body is represented in the left hemisphere. E. The association areas have all six cellular layers and are referred to as homotypical cortex.
The following statements concern cerebral dominance:
(a) The cortical gyri of the dominant and nondominant hemispheres are arranged differently.
(b) More than 90% of the adult population is right-handed and, therefore, is left-hemisphere dominant.
(c) About 96% of the adult population is right-hemisphere dominant for speech.
(d) The nondominant hemisphere interprets handedness, perception of language, and speech. (e) After puberty, the dominance of the cerebral
hemispheres becomes fixed.
B is correct.
- More than 90% of the adult population is right-handed and, therefore, is left-hemisphere dominant. A. The cortical gyri of the dominant and nondominant hemispheres are arranged in the same way. C. About 96% of the adult population is left-hemisphere dominant for speech. D. The non-dominant hemisphere interprets spatial perception, recognition of faces, and music. E. After the first decade of life, the dominance of the cerebral hemispheres becomes fixed.
A 54-year-old woman was seen by a neurologist because her sister had noticed a sudden change in her behavior. On questioning, the patient stated that after waking up from a deep sleep about a week ago, she noticed that the left side of her body did not feel as if it belonged to her. Later, the feeling worsened, and she became unaware of the existence of her left side. Her sister told the neurologist that the patient now neglects to wash the left side of her body.
The neurologist examined the patient and found the following most likely signs except:
(a) The patient did not look toward her left side.
(b) She readily reacted to sensory stimulation of
her skin on the left side.
(c) On being asked to move her left leg, she
promptly did so.
(d) Muscular weakness of the upper and lower
limbs on the left side was evident.
(e) On being asked to walk across the examining
room, she tended not to use her left leg as much
as her right leg.
D is correct.
- The patient exhibited no weakness of
her muscles on the left side despite the fact that her sister stated that she tended not to use her left leg.
A 54-year-old woman was seen by a neurologist because her sister had noticed a sudden change in her behavior. On questioning, the patient stated that after waking up from a deep sleep about a week ago, she noticed that the left side of her body did not feel as if it belonged to her. Later, the feeling worsened, and she became unaware of the existence of her left side. Her sister told the neurologist that the patient now neglects to wash the left side of her body.
The neurologist made the following likely conclusions except:
(a) The diagnosis of left hemiasomatognosia (loss
of appreciation of the left side of the body) was
made.
(b) This condition probably resulted from a lesion
of the left parietal lobe.
(c) In addition, the patient exhibited left hemiakinesia (unilateral motor neglect).
(d) A lesion was likely in areas 6 and 8 of the medial
and lateral premotor regions of the right frontal
lobe.
(e) The failure to look toward the left side (visual
extinction) suggested a lesion existed in the right parieto-occipital lobes.
B is correct.
- An MRI revealed a tumor in the right parieto-occipital lobes; a further lesion was present
in the right frontal lobe.
The following statements concern the cerebral cortex:
(a) The cerebral cortex is thinnest over the crest of a gyros and thickest in the depth of a sulcus.
(b) The largest giant pyramidal cells are found in
the postcentral gyros.
(c) In the visual cortex, the outer band of Baillarger
is thin and can only be seen under a microscope.
(d) The molecular layer is the most superficial layer of the cerebral cortex and is composed of
the small cell bodies of the granular cells.
(e) From a functional point of view, the cerebral cortex is organized into vertical units of activity.
E is correct.
- From a functional standpoint, the cerebral cortex is organized into vertical units of activity. A. The cerebral cortex is thickest over the crest of a gyros and thinnest in the depth of a sulcus. B. The largest giant pyramidal cells are found in the precentral gyros (see Fig. 8-1). C. In the visual cortex, the outer band of Baillarger is so thick that it can be seen with the naked eye (see Fig. 8-3). D. The molecular layer is the most superficial layer of the cerebral cortex and is composed mainly of a dense network of tangentially oriented nerve fibers (see Fig. 8-2).
