CHAPTER 7 - Book Review Questions Flashcards
The following statements concern the pineal gland:
(a) It produces a secretion that is opaque to x-rays.
(b) It contains high concentrations of melatonin.
(c) Melatonin stimulates the release of the gonadotrophic hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
(d) Production of secretions of the pineal gland
decreases during darkness.
(e) The pinealocytes are inhibited by the sympathetic nerve endings.
B is correct.
- The pineal gland contains high concentrations of melatonin. A. The pineal secretions are translucent to x-rays. C. Melatonin inhibits the release of the gonadotrophic hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. D. There is an increased production of the secretions of the pineal gland during darkness. E. The pinealocytes are stimulated by the sympathetic nerve endings.
The following statements concern the thalamus:
(a) It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathway).
(b) It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule.
(c) It forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen.
(d) It is completely separate from the thalamus on the opposite side.
(e) The thalamus is a small rectangular mass of gray matter.
A is correct.
- The thalamus is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts, except the olfactory pathway. B. The thalamus is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule (see Fig. 7-1). C. The thalamus forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen (see Fig. 7-3). D. The thalamus may be joined to the thalamus of the opposite side by the interthalamic connection. E. The thalamus is a large ovoid mass of gray matter (see Fig. 7-4).
The following statements concern the hypothalamus:
(a) It is formed by the upper part of the lateral wall
and roof of the third ventricle.
(b) Caudally, the hypothalamus merges with the
tectum of the midbrain.
(c) The nuclei are composed of groups of large nerve cells.
(d) Functionally, it plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones.
(e) The mammillary bodies are not part of the hypothalamus.
D is correct.
- The hypothalamus plays an important role in the release of pituitary hormones. A The hypothalamus is formed by the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle, below the hypothalamic sulcus (see Fig. 7-3). B. Caudally, the hypothalamus merges with the tegmentum of the midbrain. C. The nuclei of the hypothalamus are composed of groups of small nerve cells. E. The mammillary bodies are part of the hypothalamus.
The following statements concern the hypothalamus:
(a) The hypothalamus has no influence on the activities of the autonomic and endocrine systems.
(b) It receives few afferent visceral and somatic sensory fibers.
(c) It gives off efferent fibers that pass to the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows in the brain and spinal cord.
(d) It does not assist in the regulation of water metabolism.
(e) The hypothalamus plays no role in controlling emotional states.
C is correct.
- The hypothalamus gives off efferent fibers that pass to the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows in the brain and spinal cord. A. The hypothalamus has influence on the activities of the autonomic and endocrine systems. B. The hypothalamus receives many afferent visceral and somatic sensory nerve fibers. D. The hypothalamus assists in the regulation of water metabolism. E. The hypothalamus plays a role in controlling emotional states.
The following statements concern the third ventricle:
(a) The posterior wall is formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct and the pineal recess.
(b) It does not communicate directly with the lateral ventricles.
(c) The vascular tela choroidea projects from the
floor to form the choroid plexus.
(d) Lying in the floor of the ventricle, from posterior to anterior, are the optlc chiasma, the tuber
cinereum, and the mammillary bodies.
(e) The wall of the ventricle is not lined with ependyma.
A is correct.
- The posterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct and the pineal recess (see Fig. 7-3). B. The third ventricle does communicate directly with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina (see Fig. 7-13). C. The vascular tela choroidea projects from the roof of the third ventricle to form the choroid plexus (see Fig. 7-3). D. Lying in the floor of the third ventricle, from anterior to posterior, are the optic chiasma, the tuber cinereum, and the mammillary bodies. E. The wall of the third ventricle is lined with ependyma.
The following statements concern the longitudinal cerebral fissure:
(a) The fissure contains the fold of dura mater, the
falx cerebelli.
(b) The fissure contains the middle cerebral arteries.
(c) The superior sagittal sinus lies below It.
(d) In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum crosses the midline.
(e) The inferior sagittal sinus lies above it.
D is correct.
- In the depths of the longitudinal cerebral
fissure, the corpus callosum crosses the midline (see Fig. 7-6). A. The longitudinal cerebral fissure contains a fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri. B. The longitudinal cerebral fissure does not contain the middle cerebral arteries; they are located in the lateral cerebral fissures. C. The superior sagittal venous sinus lies above the longitudinal cerebral fissure. E. The inferior sagittal venous sinus lies in the lower border of the falx cerebri in the longitudinal cerebral fissure.
The following statements concern the central sulcus:
(a) The central sulcus extends onto the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
(b) The frontal lobe lies posterior to it.
(c) The parietal lobe lies anterior to it.
(d) The central sulcus is continuous inferiorly with
the lateral sulcus.
(e) The arachnoid mater extends into the central
sulcus.
A is correct.
- The central sulcus extends onto the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere (see Fig. 7-8). B. The frontal lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus (see Fig. 7-10). C. The parietal lobe lies posterior to the central sulcus (see Fig. 7-10). D. The central sulcus is not continuous inferiorly with the lateral sulcus (see Fig. 7-10). E. The arachnoid mater does not extend into the central sulcus.
The following statements concern the lateral ventricle:
(a) Each ventricle is J shaped and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
(b) It communicates with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen.
(c) The body of the ventricle occupies the frontal lobe.
(d) The lateral ventricle does not possess a choroid plexus.
(e) The anterior horn occupies the parietal lobe.
B is correct.
- The lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen (see Fig. 7-3). A. Each lateral ventricle is C shaped and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (see Fig. 7-13). C. The body of the lateral ventricle occupies the parietal lobe. D. The lateral ventricle does possess a choroid plexus (see Fig. 7-1). E. The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle occupies the frontal lobe (see Fig. 7-13).
The following statements concern the corpus callosum:
(a) It is connected to the fomix by the lamina terminalis.
(b) The rostrum connects the genu to the septum
pelluctdum.
(c) Most of the fibers within the corpus callosum
interconnect symmetrical areas of the cerebral
cortex.
(d) The fibers of the genu curve forward into the
frontal lobes as the forceps major.
(e) The corpus callosum is related inferiorly to the
falx cerebri.
C is correct.
Most of the fibers within the corpus callosum interconnect symmetrical areas of the cerebral cortex. A. The corpus callosum is connected to the fornix by the septum pellucidum (see Fig. 7-3). B. The rostrum of the corpus callosum connects the genu to the lamina terminalis (see Fig. 7-3). D. The fibers of the genu of the corpus callosum curve forward into the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere as the forceps minor (see Fig. 7-15). E. The corpus callosum is related superiorly to the falx cerebri.
The following statements concern the anterior commissure:
(a) It is embedded in the superior part of the septum pellucidum.
(b) When traced laterally, an anterior bundle of
fibers curves forward to join the olfactory tract.
(c) Some of the fibers are concerned with the sensations of taste.
(d) It forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen.
(e) It is formed by a large bundle of nerve fibers.
B is correct.
- When the anterior commissure is traced laterally, an anterior bundle of nerve fibers is seen to curve forward to join the olfactory tract. A. The anterior commissure is embedded in the superior part of the lamina terminalis (see Fig. 7-3). C. Some of the fibers of the anterior commissure are concerned with the sensation of smell. D. The anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen is formed by the anterior pillar of the fornix and not the anterior commissure (see Fig. 7-3). E. The anterior commissure is formed by a small bundle of nerve fibers.
The following statements concerning the internal capsule are correct except:
(a) It is continuous below with the tectum of the
midbrain.
(b) It has an anterior limb and a posterior limb,
which are in a straight line.
(c) The genu and the anterior part of the posterior limb contain the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers.
(d) It is related medially to the Ientiform nucleus.
(e) It is continuous below with the corona radiata.
C is correct.
- The internal capsule contains the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers in the genu and the anterior part of the posterior limb (see Fig. 7-18). A. The internal capsule is continuous below with the crus cerebri of the midbrain (see Fig. 7-19). B. The internal capsule is bent around the lentiform nucleus and has an anterior limb, the genu, and a posterior limb (see Fig. 7-18). D. The internal capsule is related laterally to the lentiform nucleus (see Fig. 7-18). E. The internal capsule is continuous above with the coronal radiata (see Fig. 7-19).
The following statements concern the basal ganglia:
(a) The caudate nucleus is not attached to the lentiform nucleus.
(b) The corpus striatum is concerned with muscular movement.
(c) The lentiform nucleus is related medially to the
external capsule.
(d) The lentiform nucleus is oval shaped, as seen
on horizontal section.
(e) The amygdaloid nucleus does not form one of
the basal ganglia.
B is correct.
- The corpus striatum is concerned with the control of muscular movement. A. The head of the caudate nucleus is attached to the lentiform nucleus (see Fig. 7-14). C. The lentiform nucleus is related laterally to the external capsule (see Fig. 7-12). D. The lentiform nucleus is wedge shaped, as seen on horizontal section (see Fig. 7-12). E. The amygdaloid nucleus forms one of the basal ganglia.
A 70-year-old man with hypertension was admitted to an emergency department, having suddenly developed hemiparesis on the right side and numbness of the right leg. Axial CT and MRI were undertaken. MRI revealed a small hemorrhage in the left thalamus, which passed horizontally through the lateral ventricles. After careful observation, 2 days later, the paresis was much improved, and the patient reported that his numbness had disappeared. The patient was discharged from the hospital 1 week later and made an uneventful recovery. His hypertension was brought under control with suitable medication.
Using your knowledge of the relationships of the left thalamus, select the statement that explains the transient right hemiparesis and numbness.
(a) The hemorrhage occurred into the third ventricle.
(b) The hemorrhage into the thalamus extended laterally into the posterior limb of the left internal capsule.
(c) The hemorrhage was small and confined to the thalamus on the left side.
(d) The hemorrhage was small and occurred in the lateral part of the left thalamus, producing transient edema in the left internal capsule.
(e) The hemorrhage extended laterally into the left lateral ventricle.
D is correct.
A 70-year-old man with hypertension was admitted to an emergency department, having suddenly developed hemiparesis on the right side and numbness of the right leg. Axial CT and MRI were undertaken. MRI revealed a small hemorrhage in the left thalamus, which passed horizontally through the lateral ventricles. After careful observation, 2 days later, the paresis was much improved, and the patient reported that his numbness had disappeared. The patient was discharged from the hospital 1 week later and made an uneventful recovery. His hypertension was brought under control with suitable medication.
This hypertensive patient had a small thalamic hemorrhage. Select the most likely cause for the hemorrhage:
(a) One of the small diseased thalamic arteries may
have ruptured.
(b) One of the small veins draining the thalamus
may have ruptured.
(c) Vasoconstriction of the thalamic arteries could
have occurred.
(d) Softening of the neuronal tissue around the thalamic arteries might have taken place.
(e) No relation exists between hypertension and
the thalamic hemorrhage in this patient.
A is correct.
An 8-year-old boy with a severe earache on the right side was taken to a pediatrician. The symptoms had started 7 days ago, and the pain had progressively worsened. On examination, the boy was found to have severe right-sided otitis media with acute mastoiditls. On being questioned, the boy admitted that his head hurt badly all over and that he felt sick. While he was being examined, he vomited. His body temperature was slightly elevated. In view of the severity of the headache and the presence of nausea and vomiting, the pediatrician decided to have an MRI performed. The result showed a small, well-defined, right cerebral abscess.
The cerebral abscess in this patient was most likely located at which site in the right cerebral hemisphere:
(a) Frontal lobe
(b) Thalamus
(c) Occipital lobe
(d) Temporal lobe
(e) Cuneus
D is correct.
