CHAPTER 4 - Book Review Questions Flashcards
The following statements concern the white columns of the spinal cord:
(a) The posterior spinocerebellar tract is situated
in the posterior white column.
(b) The anterior spinothalamic tract is found in the
anterior white column.
(c) The lateral spinothalamic tract is found in the
anterior white column.
(d) The fasciculus gracilis is found in the lateral
white column.
(e) The rubrospinal tract is found in the anterior
white column.
B is correct.
- In the spinal cord, the anterior spinothalamic tract is found in the anterior white column. A. The posterior spinocerebellar tract is situated in the lateral white column. C. The lateral spinothalamic tract is found in the lateral white column. D. The fasciculus gracilis is found in the posterior white column. E. The rubrospinal tract is found in the lateral white column.
The following statements concern the spinal cord:
(a) The spinal cord has a cervical enlargement for the brachial plexus.
(b) The spinal cord possesses spinal nerves that are attached to the cord by anterior and posterior rami.
(c) ln the adult, the spinal cord usually ends inferiorly at the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra.
(d) The ligamentum denticulatum anchors the spinal cord to the pedicles of the vertebra along each side.
(e) The central canal does not communicate with the fourth ventricle of the brain.
A is correct.
- The spinal cord has a cervical enlargement for the brachial plexus (Fig. 4-5). B. The spinal cord possesses spinal nerves that are attached to the cord by anterior and posterior nerve roots. C. In the adult, the spinal cord usually ends inferiorly at the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. D. The ligamentum denticulatum anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater along each side. E. The central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid, communicates with the fourth ventricle of the brain.
The following statements concern the cell of origin of the tracts listed below:
(a) The fasciculus cuneatus arises from cells in the
substantia gelatinosa.
(b) The anterior spinothalamic arises from cells in
the posterior root ganglion.
(c) The fasciculus gracilis arises from cells in the
nucleus dorsalis (Clarke column).
(d) The anterior spinocerebellar arises from cells
in the posterior root ganglion.
(e) The lateral spinothalamic arises from cells in
the substantia gelatinosa.
E is correct.
- In the spinal cord, the lateral spinothalamic tract arises from cells in the substantia gelatinosa. A. The fasciculus cuneatus arises from cells in the posterior root ganglion. B. The anterior spinal thalamic arises from cells in the substantia gelatinosa. C. The fasciculus gracilis arises from cells in the posterior root ganglion. D. The anterior spinocerebellar arises from cells in Clarke column.
The following statements concern the courses taken by the tracts listed below:
(a) The fasciculus gracilis does not cross to the
opposite side of the neural axis.
(b) The spinotectal tract does not cross to the
opposite side of the spinal cord.
(c) The lateral spinothalamic tract does not cross
to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
(d) The posterior spinocerebellar tract crosses to
the opposite side of the neural axis.
(e) The anterior spinothalamic tract immediately crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
A is correct.
- The fasciculus gracilis does not cross to the opposite side of the neural axis. B. The spinotectal tract crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord. C. The lateral spinothalamic tract crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord. D. The posterior spinocerebellar tract does not cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord. E. The anterior spinothalamic tract crosses very obliquely to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
The following statements concern the nucleus of
termination of the tracts listed below:
(a) The posterior white column tracts terminate in
the inferior colliculus.
(b) The spinoreticular tract terminates on the neurons of the hippocampus.
(c) The spinotectal tract terminates in the inferior
colliculus.
(d) The anterior spinothalamic tract terminates in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
(e) The anterior spinocerebellar tract terminates in
the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum.
D is correct.
*The anterior spinothalamic tract terminates in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. A. The posterior white column tracts terminate in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus. B. The spinoreticular tract terminates on the neurons of the reticular formation in the medulla, pons, and midbrain. C. The spinotectal tract terminates in the superior colliculus. E. The anterior spinocerebellar tract terminates in the cerebellar cortex.
The following statements relate sensations with the
appropriate nervous pathways:
(a) Two-point tactile discrimination travels in the lateral spinothalamic tract.
(b) Pain travels in the anterior spinothalamic tract. (c) Unconscious muscle joint sense travels in the anterior spinocerebellar tract.
(d) Pressure travels in the posterior spinothalamic tract.
(e) Vibration travels in the posterior spinocerebellar tract.
C is correct.
- Unconscious muscle joint sense travels in the anterior spinocerebellar tract. A. Two-point tactile discrimination travels in the fasciculus cuneatus. B. Pain travels in the lateral spinothalamic tract. D. Pressure travels in the anterior spinothalamic tract. E. Vibration travels in the fasciculus gracilis.
The following statements concern the gating theory of pain:
(a) Stimulation of small non-pain-conducting fibers in a peripheral nerve may reduce pain sensitivity.
(b) Massage applied to the skin over a painful joint may reduce pain sensitivity.
(c) Stimulation of £ A- and C-type fibers in a spinal nerve posterior root may decrease pain sensitivity.
(d) Degeneration of large non-pain-conducting fibers in a peripheral nerve decreases pain sensitivity.
(e) Inhibition of pain conduction in the spinal cord does not involve connector neurons.
B is correct concerning the gating theory of pain.
- Massage applied to the skin over a painful joint may reduce pain sensitivity. A. Stimulation of large non-pain-conducting fibers in a peripheral nerve may reduce pain sensitivity. C. Stimulation of £ A- and C-type fibers in a spinal nerve posterior root may increase pain sensitivity. D. Degeneration of large non-pain-conducting fibers in a peripheral nerve increases pain sensitivity. E. Inhibition of pain conduction in the spinal cord could be brought about by means of connector neurons.
The following statements concern the reception of pain:
(a) Serotonin is not a transmitter substance in the analgesic system.
(b) Substance P is thought to be the neurotransmitter at the synapses where the first-order neuron terminates on the cells in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord.
(c) Enkephalins and endorphins may stimulate substance P release in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord.
(d) Many of the tracts conducting the initial, sharp, pricking pain terminate in the dorsal anterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
(e) The slow-conducting C-type fibers are responsible for prolonged, burning pain.
E is correct.
- The slow-conducting C-type fibers are responsible for prolonged, burning pain. A. Serotonin is a transmitter substance in the analgesic system. B. Substance P is a peptide and is thought to be the neurotransmitter at the synapses where the first-order neuron terminates on the cells in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord. C. Enkephalins and endorphins may inhibit the release of substance P in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord. D. Many of the tracts conducting the initial, sharp, pricking pain terminate in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
The following statements concern the corticospinal tracts:
(a) They occupy the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
(b) They are mainly responsible for controlling the voluntary movements in proximal limb muscles.
(c) They arise as axons of the pyramidal cells In the fourth layer of the cerebral cortex.
(d) Those that control the movements of the upper limb originate in the precentral gyrus on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere.
(e) Those that are concerned with the movements of the lower limb are located in the medial area of the middle three fifths of the basis pedunculi.
A is correct.
- The corticospinal tracts occupy the posterior limb of the internal capsule (Fig. 4-11). B. The corticospinal tracts are mainly responsible for controlling the voluntary movements in the distal muscles of the limbs. C. They arise as axons of the pyramidal cells in the fifth layer of the cerebral cortex. D. Those that control the movements of the upper limb originate in the precentral gyrus on the lateral side of the cerebral hemisphere. E. Those that are concerned with the movements of the lower limb are located in the lateral area of the middle three fifths of the basis pedunculi.
The following statements concern the course taken by the tracts listed below:
(a) The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline of the
neuroaxis in the medulla oblongata.
(b) The tectospinal tract (most of the nerve fibers) crosses the midline in the posterior commissure.
(c) The vestibulospinal tract crosses the midline in
the midbrain.
(d) The lateral corticospinal tract crosses the midline in the medulla oblongata.
(e) The anterior corticospinal tract crosses the
midline in the midbrain.
D is correct.
- The lateral corticospinal tract crosses the midline in the medulla oblongata (Fig. 4-21). A. The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline of the neuroaxis in the midbrain. B. The tectospinal tract (most of the nerve fibers) crosses the midline in the midbrain. C. The vestibulospinal tract does not cross the midline and descends through the medulla oblongata and spinal cord in the anterior white column (Figs. 4-20 and 4-25). E. The anterior corticospinal tract crosses the midline in the spinal cord.
The following statements concern the nerve cells of origin for the tracts listed below:
(a) The vestibulospinal tract originates from cells
of the medial vestibular nucleus situated in the
pons.
(b) The tectospinal tract originates from cells In
the inferior colliculus.
(c) The lateral corticospinal tract originates from
cells in area 4 of the cerebral cortex.
(d) The rubrospinal tract originates from cells in
the reticular nucleus.
(e) The reticulospinal tract originates from cells in
the reticular formation that is confined to the
midbrain.
C is correct.
- The lateral corticospinal tract originates from cells in area 4 of the cerebral cortex. A. The vestibulospinal tract originates from cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus situated in the pons. B. The tectospinal tract originates from cells in the superior colliculus. D. The rubrospinal tract originates from cells in the red nucleus. E. The reticulospinal tract originates from cells in the reticular formation in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The following statements concern muscle movement:
(a) Muscular fasciculation is seen only with rapid
destruction of lower motor neurons.
(b) Muscle spindle afferent nerve fibers send information only to the spinal cord.
(c) In Parkinson disease, dopamine-secreting neurons that originate in the vestibular nucleus
degenerate.
(d) Brain neuronal activity preceding a voluntary
movement is limited to the precentral gyrus
(area 4).
(e) Hyperactive ankle-jerk reflexes and ankle clonus indicate release of lower motor neuron supraspinal inhibition.
E is correct.
- Hyperactive ankle-jerk reflexes and ankle clonus indicate lower motor neuron release from supraspinal inhibition. A. Muscular fasciculation is seen only with slow destruction of the lower motor neurons. B. Muscle spindle afferent nerve fibers send information to the brain as well as to the spinal cord. C. In Parkinson disease, dopamine-secreting neurons decrease in the substantia nigra. D. Brain neuronal activity preceding a voluntary movement is not limited to the precentral gyrus (area 4).
After a hemorrhage into the left internal capsule in a right-handed person, the following sign or symptom might be present:
(a) Left homonymous hemianopia
(b) Right astereognosis
(c) Left hemiplegia
(d) Normal speech
(e) Left-sided positive Babinski response
B is correct.
- Right astereognosis. A. Right homonymous hemianopia is seen. C. Right hemiplegia is present. D. Aphasia is present. E. A right-sided positive Babinski response is seen.
A patient with a traumatic lesion of the left half of the spinal cord at the level of the eighth cervical segment might present the following sign(s) and symptom(s):
(a) Loss of pain and temperature sensations on the left side below the level of the lesion
(b) Loss of position sense of the right leg
(c) Right hemiplegia
(d) Left positive Babinski sign
(e) Right-sided lower motor paralysis in the segment of the lesion and muscular atrophy
D is correct.
- Left positive Babinski sign is present. A. Pain and temperature sensations are lost on the right side below the level of the lesion. B. Position sense of the left leg is lost. C. Left hemiplegia is present. E. Left-sided lower motor paralysis is seen in the segment of the lesion and muscular atrophy.
Which of the signs and symptoms listed below indicate a cerebellar lesion?
(a) Cogwheel rigidity
(b) Hemiballismus
(c) Chorea
(d) Intention tremor
(e) Athetosis
D is correct.
- Intention tremor is present. A. Cogwheel rigidity occurs in Parkinson disease when the muscle resistance is overcome as a series of jerks. B. Hemiballismus is a rare form of involuntary movement confined to one side of the body; it occurs in disease of the subthalamic nuclei. C. Chorea consists of a series of continuous, rapid, involuntary, jerky, coarse, purposeless movements, which may take place during sleep; it occurs with lesions of the corpus striatum. E. Athetosis consists of continuous, slow, involuntary, dysrhythmic movements that are always the same in the same individual, and they disappear during sleep; it occurs with lesions of the corpus striatum.
