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clinical nutrition > Chapter 8 book notes > Flashcards

Chapter 8 book notes Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

-potent, essential, non-kcaloric, organic nutrients needed from foods in trace amounts.
-help perform functions that promote growth, reproduction, and maintience of health and life.

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2
Q

How to vitamins differ from carbs, fats, & proteins?

A

-structure: vitamins are individual units, they are not linked together.
-function: do not yield energy, but assist enzymes in release of energy.
-dietary intakes: vitamins are consumed in micrograms or milligrams, this is why they are known as micronutrients.

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3
Q

The only disease a vitamin will cure is the one…

A

-caused by a deficiency of that vitamin.

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4
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can cause=
Lack of naicin can cause=
Lack of vitamin D can cause=

A

-blindness
-dementia
-impede bone growth

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5
Q

Are vitamin supplements as good as vitamin rich foods?

A

-NO; vitamin supplements do not offer the many benefits that come from vitamin rich foods.

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6
Q

What 2 vitamins fall below recommended intakes?

A

-vitamin D
-folic acid (pregnant women)

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7
Q

Fat soluble vitamins:

A

-Vitamin A, D, E, & K

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8
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

A

B vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, Biotin, Vitamin B6, folate, Vitamin B12, & vitamin C.

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9
Q

Amount of vitamins available from food depends on two factors:

A

1)quantity provided by a food
2)amount absorbed & used by body (bioavailability)

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10
Q

bioavailability

A

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

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11
Q

Determining bioavailability depends on these factors:

A

-efficiency of digestion & time of transit through GI tract
-previous nutrient intake & nutrition status
-other foods consumed at same time
-method of food preparation (raw or cooked)
-source of nutrient (natural, synthetic, or fortified).

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12
Q

Precursors

A

-vitamins available from foods in inactive forms known as precursors, (provitamins)
-once inside body, precursor is converted to the active form of vitamin

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13
Q

So when measuring a person’s vitamin intake it is important to count both the actual amount of a vitamin and ..

A

-potential amount available from its precursors.

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14
Q

Because vitamins are organic compounds..

A

-they can be readily destroyed during processing.
-so processed foods should be handled with care during storage and in cooking.

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15
Q

How can these vitamins be destroyed?
Thiamin=
Riboflavin=
Vitamin C=

A

-prolonged heating
-can be destroyed by UV rays of sun or fluorescent lights, so if stored in transparent glass, vitamin will be destroyed.
-oxygen destroys vitamin C so losses occur when food is cut, processed, and stored.

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16
Q

How minimize nutrient losses of vitamins:

A

-prevent enzymatic destruction; refrigerate most fruit, veggies, and jucies to slow down breakdown.
-protect from light & air
-prevent heat destruction or losses in water

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17
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

-Vitamin A,D,E, &K
-body absorbs them the same way as it absorbs lipids
-once absorbed they are stored in the liver & fatty tissues until body needs them.
-can build up to toxic conditions

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18
Q

What is the first fat-soluble vitamin to be recognized?

A

-Vitamin A and its precursor beta-carotene.

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19
Q

Roles of vitamin A:

A

-VERSATILE VITAMIN!!!
-gene expression, vision, cell differentiation, immunity, & reproduction & growth

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20
Q

3 active forms of vitamin A in the body:

A

1)Retinol: supports reproduction and is major storage and transport form of vitamin
2)Retinal: active in vision
3)Retinoic acid: acts as a hormone, regulating cell differentiation, growth and embryonic reproduction

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21
Q

Retinol is converted by cells to make?

A

-retinoic acid or retinal as needed

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22
Q

retinol-binding protein

A

-a special transport protein
-picks up retinol from liver, where it is stored, and carries it in the blood.

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23
Q

Vitamin A in gene expression

A

-hundreds of genes are regulated by retinoic acid.
-may affect the development & treatment of certain cancers

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24
Q

Vitamin A plays two roles in the eye:

A

-it helps maintain a healthy, crystal clear outer window (cornea)
-helps in light detection at the retina

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25
Q

When vitamin A is lacking what happens to the eye?

A

-the eye has difficulty adapting to changing light levels

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26
Q

Night blindness

A

-symptom of vitamin A deficiency
-at night, after eye has adapted to darkness, a flash of bright light is followed by a brief delay before eye can see again.

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27
Q

Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation

A

-present in the skin and linings of organs to promote protein synthesis and cell differentiation.

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28
Q

cell differentiation

A

-process that allows each type of cell to mature so that it is capable of performing a specific function.

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29
Q

Epithelial tissue linings found in body

A

-skin
-covers the cornea
-lining of eyelids & sinus passageways.
-linings of mouth, stomach, intestines, lungs, and passages leading to them,
-lining of bladder, uterus, vagina

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30
Q

What substance does epithelial cells secrete to coat the tissues and protect them from invasive microorganisms?

A

-mucus

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31
Q

Vitamin A helps to maintain the integrity of what in cell differentiation?

A

-epithelial cells

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32
Q

Vitamin As role in immunity

A

-“anti-infective” vitamin
-help regulate genes involved in immunity

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33
Q

Vitamin A role in reproduction, growth, & development:
-IN women=
-in men=
-during pregnancy=

A

-in men it helps with sperm development
-in women it promotes fetal growth & development
-in pregnancy vitamin A is transferred to fetus and is essential in development of nervous system, lungs, kidneys, skeleton, eyes, & ears.

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34
Q

Besides being a precursor of Vitamin A, what other role does beta-carotene play?

A

-antioxidant; a compound that protects other compounds from attack by oxygen.

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35
Q

What can too much oxygen trigger in the body? (cell wise)

A

-free radicals
-start chain reactions in cell membranes that damage cell structures and impair cell functions

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36
Q

Oxidative and free radical damage can lead to what?

A

-early stages of cancer & heart disease
-age related blindness, Alzheimer’s, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, and kidney disease.

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37
Q

Besides beta-carotene, what else is considered a dietary antioxidants?

A

-Vitamin E, C, mineral selenium, and many phytochemicals.

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38
Q

Has there been a recommended intake value for beta-carotene established by the DRI?

A

-NO

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39
Q

How much vitamin A can be stored in the body & where?

A

-up to a years supply
-90% stored in the liver

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40
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A would not begin to appear until?

A

-1-2 years

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41
Q

What is impaired in vitamin A deficiency?

A

-cell differentiation & maturation

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42
Q

Vitamin A deficiency & its affect in the eye

A

-process leads to drying and hardening of the cornea , which may progress to permanent blindness, also known as XEROPTHALMIA.

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43
Q

What is the major cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide?

A

-vitamin a deficiency causing half a million of children to lose their eyesight every year.

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44
Q

Stages of xerophthalmia:

A

-cornea becomes dry and hard because of lack of mucus production (xerosis)
-xerosis then becomes keratomalacia, the softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness.

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45
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and how it affects the skin:

A

-epithelial cells flatten and begin to produce keratin (hard, inflexible protein of hair & nails).
-makes skin dry, rough, scaly, & hard.

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46
Q

Keratinization

A

-accumulation of keratin that makes a lump around each hair follicle.

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47
Q

Vitamin A and how it affects the mouth:

A

-results in drying & hardening of salivary glands, making them susceptible to infection.

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48
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and its affect in stomach & intestines lining:

A

-secretions of mucus in stomach and intestines are reduces, hindering normal digestion & absorption of nutrients.

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49
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and bodys defensive barriers

A

-makes a person more susceptiable to infections
-EX- measles kills 384 children each day, due to diarrhea and pneumonia, large doses of Vitamin A can reduce the risk of dying from these infections

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50
Q

What concentrated amounts of preformed vitamin A (active form of vitamin) foods can lead to vitamin A toxicity?

A

-foods derived from animals, fortified foods, or supplements
-PLANTS ONLY CONTAIN BETA-CAROTENE, AND DOES NOT CONVERT VITAMIN A RAPID ENOUGH TO CAUSE TOXICITY.

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51
Q

Overdoses (toxic levels) of vitamin a damage the same body systems & exhibit symptoms like that in?

A

-vitamin a deficiency

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52
Q

Who is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxictiy?

A

-children

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53
Q

What foods that children eat contain 100% or more of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A?

A

-breakfast cereals, instant meals, fortified milk, and chewabale candy like vitamins.

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54
Q

RDA recommendation for daily vitamin A intake for men and women:

A
  • men= 900 micrograms
    -women=700 micrograms
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55
Q

Excessive vitamin A can also pose a teratogenic risk, which is..?

A

-an abnormal fetal development and birth defects.
-too much vitamin A during pregnancy injure the spinal cord and other tissues of developing fetus

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56
Q

UL (tolerable upper intake level) for women of childbearing age

A

-3000 micrograms

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57
Q

How much of vitamin A do multivitamins supplements typically provide?

A

-1500 micrograms, which is more than people need

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58
Q

Vitamin A prescription and acne

A

-directly applied to skin surface, will help relieve acne symptoms but not cure acne.

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59
Q

Beta-carotene is measured not by micrograms but by?

A

-retinol activity equivalents (RAE), which expresses the amount of retinol the body actually derives from a plant after conversion

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60
Q

one microgram of retinol counts as 1 RAE, as well as ?micrograms of dietary beta-carotene?

A

-12

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61
Q

Overconsumption of beta carotene is never hazardous but it can do what to the skin?

A

-turn it bright yellow; this is because beta-carotene builds up in fat just beneath the skin and imparts a yellowish cast to the skin.

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62
Q

Overconsumption of beta-carotene supplements can be..

A

-harmful, especially to smokers.

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63
Q

Preformed (active form) vitamin A is found only in what kinds of food?

A

-foods of animal origin

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64
Q

Foods richest in vitamin A are:

A

-liver and fish oil, but milk, cheese, eggs, and butter and fortified cereals are also good sources.

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65
Q

Because vitamin A is fat soluble is it lost in milk when it is..

A

-skimmed, so milk that is fat free, reduced fat, or low fat have vitamin A

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66
Q

Margarine provides same amount of vitamin A as ?

A

-butter

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67
Q

Additional vitamin A rich foods:

A

-cooked spinach and carrots, baked sweet potato, cooked bok choy, and apricots

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68
Q

Beta carotene rich foods

A

-many foods from plants contain beta-carotene, which help give them their color
-orange pigments of fruit & veggies & dark green veggies

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69
Q

Bright orange veggies rich in beta carotene:

A

-carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cantaloupe, and apricots.

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70
Q

Dark green veggies rich in beta cartoene:

A

-spinach, broccoli

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71
Q

Vitamin D is different from the other nutrients in the body because…

A

-it can synthesize significant quantities with the help of sunlight.
-it is not a essential nutrient, with enough sun people do not need vitamin D from food

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72
Q

Vitamin D is also known as…

A

-calciferol

73
Q

Two major forms of Vitamin D:

A

1) Vitamin D2, which is obtained from plant foods
2)Vitamin D3, which is obtained from animal foods and synthesis in skin

-BOTH MUST BE ACTIVATED BEFORE BEING FUNCTIONAL

74
Q

Vitamin Ds metabolic conversions:

A

-liver manufactures a vitamin D precursor which migrated to the skin, where it is then converted to a second precursor with help of the suns UV rays.
-then the liver & kidneys alter the second precursor to produce the active vitamin.

75
Q

Whether vitamin D is made from the sun or food, the same two conversions are needed from the liver and kidney so diseases of the kidney and liver can impair..

A

-vitamin D metabolic conversions

76
Q

Vitamin D is actually a..

A

-hormone; a compound manufactured by one organ of the body that has effects on another.

77
Q

Best known vitamin D target organs are:

A

-small intestines, kidneys, and the bones

78
Q

Vitamin D in the brain and nerve cells:

A

-protects against cognitive decline and may help slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease

79
Q

Vitamin D in muscle cells

A

-encourages muscle strength and function in children and preserves strength in adults

80
Q

Vitamin D and the immune system

A

-signals cells in the immune system to defend against infectious diseases.

81
Q

Vitamin D and obesity:

A

-may also help regulate the cells of the adipose tissue in ways that might contribute to obesity.
-FUTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED

82
Q

Vitamin D insufficiency is common and it affects what percentage of the population?

A

-18%
-most vulnerable are older adults, especially women and black people, obese, physically inactive, or smokers.

83
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can cause what disease?

A

-Rickets, affects more than half of children in some countries.
-uncommon in US but not unknown.

84
Q

rickets

A

-in children
-bones fail to calcify, causing growth restriction and skeletal abnormalities.
-bones become so weak that they bend when they have to support bodys weight.

85
Q

What is an obvious sign of rickets?

A

-bowed legs
-also beaded ribs

86
Q

DRI recommends that all infants, adolescents, and children consume how much vitamin D?

A

-15 micrograms

87
Q

In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to..?

A

-osteomalacia (painful bone disease, softening of bones, ADULT RICKETS)
-osteoporosis (adult bone loss)

88
Q

Vitamin D toxicity:

A

-MOST TOXIC EFFECT OF ALL VITAMINS

-raises concentration of blood calcium, which can cause stones especially in kidneys
-calcification can also harden the blood vessels, especially dangerous in brain, lungs, and heart.

89
Q

DRI UL for vitamin D:

A

-50 micrograms per day.

90
Q

Does using sunscreen prevent synthesis of Vitamin D?

A

-No it just slows down

91
Q

Vitamin D in foods:

A

-few animal foods (eggs, liver, some fatty fish, and fortified milk).
-margarine
-infant formula, breastmilk low in vitamin D
-few plant foods contain vitamin D (expect margarine and soy milk)

92
Q

DRI vitamin D recommendations:

A

-intake recommendations increase with age, due to increasing in age increases risk of vitamin D deficiency.

93
Q

Vitamin E’s discovery:

A

-researchers discovered a compound in vegetable oils necessary for reproduction in rats.
-compound was named tocopherol, now known as vitamin E.

94
Q

Vitamin E as an antioxidant:

A

-protects other substances from oxidation by being oxidized itself.
-also is effective in preventing oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

95
Q

Vitamin E exerts a antioxidant effect on which organs?

A

-the lungs; where they are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen
-the heart; by protecting LDL from oxidation and reducing inflammation.

96
Q

Vitamin E deficiency’s classic symptom: Erythrocyte hemolysis

A

-when blood concentrations of vitamin E fall below certain critical level, the red blood cells tend to break open and spill their contents, because the PUFA in membranes oxidize.

97
Q

where is erythrocyte hemolysis seen?

A

-in premature infants born before transfer of vitamin E from mother to fetus that takes place in the last weeks of preganacy.

98
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms seen in adults:

A

-loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
-vision
-speech

99
Q

Vitamin E toxicity:

A

-very rare and not as serious
-but high vitamin E interferes with blood clotting action of vitamin K, which leads to a hemorrhage.

100
Q

UL for vitamin E

A

-1000 milligrams
-65times greater than the recommended intake for adults (15 milligrams).

101
Q

Food sources rich in vitamin E

A

-vegetable oils, nuts & seeds (sunflower seeds &n almonds) and wheat germ
-margarine, salad dressings, and shortenings.

102
Q

Vitamin K is known for its role:

A

-blood clotting
-gets name from danish word koagulation (coagulation or “clotting”)

103
Q

What is involved in blood clotting?

A

-13 different proteins and the mineral calcium
-Vitamin K is essential for the activation of several of these proteins (prothrombin)

104
Q

What happens when blood clotting factors are lacking?

A

-hemorrhagic disease, which bleeding goes unchecked
-hemorrhaging is not always caused by vitamin K dificiency.

105
Q

Can vitamin K be obtained from a nonfood source?

A

-yes
-bacteria in the intestinal tract synthesize vitamin k that the body can absorb

106
Q

Vitamin K deficiency is rare, but it can occur in two circumstances:

A

1)conditions of fat malabsorption
2)medications interfere with vitamin Ks synthesis and action in body

107
Q

What medications interfere with synthesis of vitamin K in the body?

A

-antibiotics kill the vitamin K producing bacteria in intestine
-anticoagulant medications interfere with vitamin K metabolism and activity.

108
Q

Vitamin K in newborns:

A

-infant is born with a sterile digestive tract, so weeks pass before the Vitamin K producing bacteria become fully established in infants intestines.
-so a single dose of vitamin K (in water soluble form) is given at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease in newborn.

109
Q

Vitamin K toxicity:

A

-very rare, no adverse effects have been reported so UL has not been established.

110
Q

High doses of vitamin K can reduce?

A

-effectiveness of anticoagulant medications used to prevent blood clotting.
-people taking these medications should eat vitamin K rich foods.

111
Q

Vitamin K in foods:

A

-green leafy veggies, members of cabbage family, some vegetable oils.
-iceburg lettuce and green beans provide small amounts.

112
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

A

-vitamins B and C
-found in watery compartments of food and distributed into water filled compartments of body.
-easily absorbed into bloodstream and easily excreted if blood concentrations are too high.

113
Q

Vitamin B do not give people energy, they only…?

A

-help the body use that fuel

114
Q

Vitamin B is known for being a good..

A

-coenzyme; a small molecule that combines with enzyme to make it active.

115
Q

Active forms of 5 of the b vitamins help participate in the release of energy from carbs, fat and protein. what are they?

A

-thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin.

116
Q

A coenzyme containing vitamin B6 assist enzymes that:
A coenzyme containing vitamin B12 and folate assist:

A

-metabolize amino acids
-help cells multiply (red blood cells & GI tract cells).

117
Q

the only two cases that have dietary deficiencies associated with single B vitamin:

A

1)beriberi
2)Pellagra

118
Q

Beriberi

A
  • in southeat asia when custom polishing of rice was widespread
    -rice bran was principle source of thiamin, so when bran was removed to make rice whiter, beriberi spread
119
Q

pellagra

A

-widespread in southern US in 20th century
among people who had a low protein diet with corn as a staple grain.
-did not supply enough niacin nor tryptophan.

120
Q

If a staple food of a region is made from refined grain then…. what is a refined grain?

A

-vitamin B deficiencies are likely
-a grain in which the husk, bran, and germ have been removed leaving only a endosperm.

121
Q

How to protect people from deficiencies of vitamin B?

A

-add nutrients to their staple food, process known as fortification/enrichment.

122
Q

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) chief function:

A

-part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism
-critical for functioning of nerves and muscles

123
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

-in homeless or malnourished people
-people risk thiamin deficiency when get most of their energy from empty k-caloric foods and beverages (ALCOHOL)

124
Q

Many alcoholics are thiamin deficient and develop:

A

-wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

125
Q

Thiamin toxicity

A

-none reported
-no UL

126
Q

Food sources of thiamin

A

-enriched, fortified, or whole grain products
-pork

127
Q

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) chief function:

A

-part of coenzymes used in energy metabolism
-women carrying one or more fetus need a lot of riboflavin
-extremely active people need extra riboflavin

128
Q

riboflavin deficiency symptoms

A

-inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids
-sensitivity to light
-sore throat

129
Q

riboflavin toxicity

A

-none reported
-no UL set

130
Q

riboflavin food sources:

A

-milk products (provide 50%)
-whole grain products (cereal and breads)
-liver and heart
-green veggies

131
Q

riboflavin and effects of light

A

-riboflavin is light sensitive
-the UV rays of the sun or fluorescent lamps can destroy it
-because of this milk is sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers.

132
Q

Niacin (vitamin B3) chief function

A

-part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

133
Q

Niacin can be made from:

A

-protein
-amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin in body

134
Q

how many milligrams of tryptophan yield 1 milligram of niacin?

A

-60

135
Q

Recommended intakes are therefore stated as?

A

-niacin equivalents (NE)

136
Q

niacin deficiency

A

pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia).

137
Q

Niacin toxicity (PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS)

A

-ONLY FROM SUPPLEMENTS

produces niacin flush: dilates capillaries of skin and cause tingling
-liver damage
-glucose intolerance

138
Q

niacin in foods

A

-meat, poultry, fish, legumes and enriched whole grains and bread
-mushrooms, asparagus, and potatoes

139
Q

Biotin chief function

A

-part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism that carries carbon dioxide

140
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

-rare
-seen in adults who are fed by vein without biotin supplmentation.
-skin rash, hair loss

141
Q

biotin in foods

A

-widespread in foods
-GI bacteria synthesis

142
Q

Pantothenic acid chief function

A

-part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism
-key enzyme that makes it possible for energy to be released from nutrients
-stimulates growth

143
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

-digestive and neurological distrubances

144
Q

panothenic acid in foods

A

-widespread in foods

145
Q

Vitamin B6 chief functions

A

-part of coenzymes used in amino acid, fatty acid, carb, and protein metabolism
-aids in conversion of tryptophan to niacin
-synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters
-regulation of blood glucose

146
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency

A

-general symptoms
-weakness, depression, confusion, irritability, flaky dermatitis

147
Q

vitamin B6 toxicity

A

-nerve degeneration (numb feet and hands)
-inability to walk

148
Q

UL for vitamin B6

A

-100 milligrams

149
Q

Vitamin B6 foods

A

-meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, legumes

150
Q

Folate chief functions:

A

-Activates vitamin B12
-active in cell division (red blood cells and digestive tract cells)

151
Q

During periods of rapid growth and cell division, such as ???, folate needs increase and deficiency is especially likely.

A

-pregnancy and adolescence

152
Q

Folate deficiency: what are the first two symptoms?

A

-a type of anemia and GI tract deterioration

153
Q

Folate and its interaction with drugs and alcohol

A

-alcohol impairs folates absorption and increases its excretion
-asprin & oral contraceptives & smkojng

154
Q

Folate prevents…

A

-neural tube defects
-folate supplements must be taken before conception and continued throughout 1st trimester of pregnancy to prevent NTD.

155
Q

Childbearing age women should consume how much folic acid daily?

A

-400 micrograms

156
Q

Folate food sources:

A

-fortified grains, leafy greens, legumes, seeds, and liver

157
Q

Folate toxicity symptoms:

A

-masks vitamin B12 deficiency

158
Q

Special relationship between Vitamin b12 and folate:

A

-vitamin B12 assists folate in cell division.

159
Q

Vitamin B12 chief function

A

-activates folate
-helps with cell division (red blood cells and digestive cells)
-protects nerve cells

160
Q

Vitamin B12 & Folate and their role in cell division

A

-b12 stands by to accept carbon groups from folate and folate removes them from other compounds.

161
Q

Which cells are first to be affected by deficiency of folate or b12?

A

-red blood cells

162
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

-large, immature red blood cells
-deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate

163
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

A

-anemia
-nerve damage and paralysis

164
Q

Absorption of B12 requires:

A

-intrinsic factor
-a compound made by stomach from instructions from genes.
-attaches itself to vitamin to be absorbed in bloodstream.

165
Q

Atrophic gastritis

A

-inability to produce enough stomach acid and intrinsic factors to support B12 absorption

166
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

-anemia developed by lack of intrinsic factor

167
Q

Vitamin B12 food sources:

A

-foods dervied from animals

168
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) chief function:

A

-synthesis of collagen, carnitine(transporter of fatty acids), hormones, neurotransmitters
-antioxidant

169
Q

Vitamins C role in collagen formation:

A

-helps form collagen
-important in artery walls and capillaries

170
Q

collagen

A

-single most important protein of connective tissue

171
Q

Vitamin C as a antioxidant:

A

-protects water soluble substances from being oxidized by being oxidized themselves
-protects iron from oxidation so it enhances iron absorption

172
Q

What is the first to show signs of vitamin C deficiency?

A

-blood vessels

173
Q

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

A

-scurvy (bleeding gums, hemorrhages, joint pain).
-no scar tissue forms

174
Q

How many milligrams of Vitamin C does it take to prevent scurvy?

A

-10 milligrams

175
Q

Vitamin C toxic symptoms

A

-diarrhea, GI distress
-people with gout need to be careful

176
Q

Vitamin C food sources

A

-citrus fruits
-cabbage type veggies
- dark green veggies
=papayas, mangoes, etc.

177
Q

Vitamin C RDA intake for men and women:

A

men=90 milligrams
women=75 milligrams

178
Q

Vitamin C and iron absorption:

A

-eating foods with vitamin C and iron can double or triple the absorption of iron.

clinical nutrition (26 decks)

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