Chapter 11 book notes Flashcards by Nicole Cuellar

An infants birthweight ?? by 5 months of age and ?? by age 1 typically reaching how much lbs??

-doubles
-triples
-20-25lbs

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Infants length changes more ?? than weight, increasing about ?? inches from birth to year 1

-slowly
-10inches

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At the age of two, healthy children have attained approximately ?? of their adult body weihgt

-half

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What vitamins and minerals are of special importance during infancy?

-those critical to the growth process
-vitamins A, D and calcium

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Infants
Heartrate:
respiration rate:
energy needs (kcal/body weight):

-120 to140bpm
-20 to 40 br/min
-45/lb

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The younger the child the more of the childs body weight is??

-water

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Where is an infants body water most likely located?

-between cells and in vascular space

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Breast milk is more what compared to formula?

-easily and completely digested
-so breast fed infants typically eat more than formula fed

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During the first few weeks, how many feedings a day does an infant recieve?

-8 to 12 feedings a day

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What is the carbohydrate in breast milk? (also formula)

-lactose

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Lactose enhances absorption of which mineral?

-calcium

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Oligosaccharides

-carbohydrate component in breast milk (small amounts found in cow & formula milk)
-help protect infant from infection and provides an energy source for the intestinal bacteria, which helps educate developing immune system

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Human Breast milk contains less ?? than cows milk:

-protein
-beneficial because it places less stress on infants immature kidneys to excrete end product of protein metabolism, UREA.

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Alpha-lacalbumin

-major protein in human breast milk

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Casein:

-major protein in cows milk

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Breast milk also contains what fatty acids? (formulas have to add these fatty acids)

-linoleic acid and linolenic acid
-DHA and EPA

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What is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain?

-DHA and is also present in the retina of eye
DHA accumulation in the brain is the greatest during fetal development and early infancy

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What vitamin is low in breast milk?

-D
-deficiency impairs bone mineralization (rickets)

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Vitamin D deficiency is most likely in infants who are not:

-exposed to sunlight daily
-have dark pigmented skin
-and receive breast milk without vitamin D supplementation

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AAP recommends a vitamin D supplement for all infants who are:

-breastfed exclusively
-for any infants who do not receive at least 1 liter or 1 quart of vitamin D–fortified formula daily

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colostrum:

-a milklike secretion from the breasts containing mostly serum with antibodies and white blood cells.,
- present during the first few days after delivery before milk appears;
-rich in protective factors.

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Protective factors in breast milk(7)

-antibodies
-bifidus factors (favor growth of friendly bacteria)
-growth factors
-lactadherin (inhibits binding of pathogens to intestinal muscosa)
-lactoferrin(prevents bacteria from getting iron they need to gorw)
-lysozyme (with lactoferrin, kills bacteria)
-oligosaccharides

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Breastfeeding also protects against other common illnesses of infancy such as:

-middle ear infection and respiratory illness.
-have fewer allergic reactions
-reduces risk of SIDS

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If infants are less than a year old, mothers must wean them onto:

-infant formula, not onto plain cow’s milk of any kind

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Infant formulas contain no protective ??? for infants, but what can help protect them?

-antibodies -vaccinations, purified water, and clean environments in developed countries help protect infants from infections.

what is of particular concern when preparing infant formula?

-lead contaminated water -let water from tap run for a few minutes before drinking or using to prepare formula.

nursing bottle tooth decay:

-extensive tooth decay due to prolonged tooth contact with formula, milk, fruit juice, or other carbohydrate-rich liquid offered to an infant in a bottle. -to prevent this do not put child to bed with a bottle as pacifier

The AAP advises that substituting cow’s milk in place of breast milk or infant formula is not appropriate during the:

-the first year of life

Cows milk can cause

-intestinal bleeding -poor source of iron -low in vitamin C

however, when infants begin complementary foods (between four and six months of age), it is acceptable to introduce cow’s milk protein in the form of:

-whole-milk yogurt or as an ingredient baked or cooked into other age-appropriate foods

When can an infants gastrointestinal tract be able to digest and absorb all nutrients?

-2 to 3 months of age

infants are often developmentally ready to accept complementary foods between:

-four and six months of age

The addition of foods to an infant’s diet should be governed by three considerations:

-the infant’s nutrient needs, -the infant’s physical readiness to handle different forms of foods, -the need to detect and control allergic reactions.

baby-led weaning:

a method of introducing complementary foods to infants in which the infant is offered a variety of single, graspable, soft foods to eat. -promotes hand eye coordination, self-regulation, and independence

Best source of vitamin C:

-fruits and veggies -fruit juice (no added sugars) is good source, none for infants, 4oz/day for toddlers and 6oz/day for young children.

The ability to swallow solid food develops at around:

-four to six months

New guidelines recommend introducing peanut-based foods early (between ???and ???months), rather than later to prevent peanut allergy

-4 to 11 months

food to omit from infants/toddlers:

-hard, slippery or crunchy foods (prevent chocking) -baby food desserts -canned veggies (high sodium) -honey and corn syrup(risk for botulism)

At what age can whole cows milk can become a primary source of many nutrients an infant needa?

-year 1 -2 to 3 cups a day, more than this can lead to milk anemia

Ideally, a ??? year-old will sit at the table, eat many of the same foods everyone else eats, and drink liquids from a cup—not a bottle

-one

Risks of prolonged bottle use

-iron deficiency, excessive weight gain, and tooth decay.

Feeding guidelines to follow to help a child develop of healthy relationship with food: (5)

-discourage unacceptable behavior (such as standing at table or throwing food) by removing child from table to wait until later to eat. -let young children explore and enjoy food. -dont force food on children provide nutritious foods and let children choose which ones and how much they will eat. -limit sweets -make dining table a place of peace

A one year old needs how many kcals a day? what about a 10 year old?

-800 -2000

After one year of age, brain glucose use remains constant with the adult range so:

carbohydrate recommendations for xhildren at one years old are same as adults.

To prevent iron deficiency, children’s foods must deliver???? to ?? milligrams of iron per day.

7 to 10

More than ??million U.S. children live in households that sometimes have no food available.

-11

Short-term hunger, such as when a child misses a meal, impairs the child’s ability to -

pay attention and to be productive.

Long-term hunger impairs

-growth and immune defenses.

Food assistance programs such as ?? are designed to protect against hunger and improve the health of children:

-WIC programs -School breakfast and national school lunch programs

Iron deficiency has effects on childrens...

-behavior and intellectual performance

In addition to carrying oxygen in the blood, iron transports oxygen within cells, which use it for energy metabolism. Iron is also used to make ??

-neurotransmitters -specifically those that regulate the ability to pay attention and crucial to learning.

How is iron deficiency diagnosed?

-hemoglobin or hematocrit test -a child's brain is sensitive to low iron conc. long before it appears on the test.

IRon supplementation improves

-memory and learning

A child with any of several nutrient deficiencies may be:

-irritable, aggressive, and disagreeable, or sad and withdrawn. -labeled "hyperactive" "depressed" "unlikable"

What children are most vulnerable to lead poisoning?

-malnourished (absorb more lead when stomach is empty) -low intakes of vitamins and minerals specifically iron because iron deficiency weakens body defenses against lead absorption

Circumstances associated with both iron deficiency and lead poisoning are a:

-low socioeconomic status and a -lack of immunizations against infectious diseases. -pica

Pica contribution to lead contamination

-craving of nonfood items -many children with lead poisoning eat dirt or chips of old paint ( 2 common sources)

Mild lead toxicity symptoms:

-nonspecific -diarrhea, irritability, fatigue

More advanced lead toxicity symptoms:

-irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, intellectual disabilities, and death

Approximately ??? a million children between the ages of one and five in the United States have blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per deciliter,

half

body readily absorbs lead during times of ??? and hoards it possessively thereafter

-rapid growth -it is not readily excreted and accumulated mainly in bones but also teeth, brain, and kidneys

only ?? to ?? percent of children younger than four years of age are diagnosed with true food allergies.

-4 to 8%

A true food allergy occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and

- elicit an immunologic response.

Allergies may have one or two components.

-They always involve antibodies; they may or may not involve symptoms

anaphylactic shock:

-a life-threatening whole body allergic reaction to an offending substance. -most often caused by peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, fish

children are more likely to outgrow their allergies to eggs, milk, wheat and soy rather than:

allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish

Which allergy causes more life threatening reactions than do all other food allergies combinded?

-peanuts

food intolerances:

-adverse reactions to foods or food additives that do not involve the immune system (not allergies)

Children’s food aversions may be the result of nature’s efforts to protect them from

-allergic or other adverse reactions. -so parents should take them seriously

Hyperactivity affects behavior and learning in about ?? percent of young school-age children.

-11 -hyperactivity does not reflect poor nutrition and it interferes with a child's social development and ability to learn

children and adolescents are categorized as overweight above the ?? percentile and as obese at the ?? percentile and above

-85th -95th

obesity in young people is defined as BMI at the ?? percentile or BMI of ?? or greater,

-95th -30

Children with neither parent obese have a less than ?? percent chance of becoming obese in adulthood, whereas teens who are overweight with at least one parent who is obese have a greater than ??percent chance of being adults who are obese.

-10% -80%

two strong environmental factors explaining why children are heavier today than they were 50 or so years ago

-diet and physical inactivity

Each 12-ounce can of soft drink provides the equivalent of about ?? teaspoons of sugar and ?? kcalories

-10 -120

Television fosters overweight and obesity because it:

-requires no energy beyond basal metabolism -replaces vigorous activities -encourages snacking -promotes a sedentary lifestyle

Researchers studying more than 50,000 children determined that most excessive weight gains happen early—between the ages of:

two and six years of age

Recommendations to prevent obesity in children:

-eat at least 5 servings of fruits and veggies each day. -limit screen time to 2hours or less each day. -spend 1 hours or more each day engaging in moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity -drink 0 sweetened beverages

Between ?? and ?? exposures to a new food are necessary before a toddler shows an enhanced preference for the food

-5 and 10

A number of schools have discovered that children eat a much better lunch if it is served ?? , rather than ??, recess

after rather than before

all government-funded meals served at schools must follow the

-Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

the adolescent growth spurt begins at age ?? for females and at age ??for males

-10 or 11 -12 or 13 -LASTS 2.5 YEARS

On average, males grow ?? inches taller, and females, ?? inches taller. Males gain approximately ??pounds, and females, about ??pounds

-8 in -6in -45lbs -35lbs

Adolescents may need as many as ??cups per day of low-fat or nonfat milk or other low-fat milk products to provide adequate vitamin D

-four

Iron needs increase for females as they start to ?? and for males as their ??body mass develops.

-menstruate -lean

Adolescents eat about ?? of their meals away from home,

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