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clinical nutrition > Chapter 11 book notes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 book notes Flashcards

1
Q

An infants birthweight ?? by 5 months of age and ?? by age 1 typically reaching how much lbs??

A

-doubles
-triples
-20-25lbs

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2
Q

Infants length changes more ?? than weight, increasing about ?? inches from birth to year 1

A

-slowly
-10inches

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3
Q

At the age of two, healthy children have attained approximately ?? of their adult body weihgt

A

-half

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4
Q

What vitamins and minerals are of special importance during infancy?

A

-those critical to the growth process
-vitamins A, D and calcium

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5
Q

Infants
Heartrate:
respiration rate:
energy needs (kcal/body weight):

A

-120 to140bpm
-20 to 40 br/min
-45/lb

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6
Q

The younger the child the more of the childs body weight is??

A

-water

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7
Q

Where is an infants body water most likely located?

A

-between cells and in vascular space

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8
Q

Breast milk is more what compared to formula?

A

-easily and completely digested
-so breast fed infants typically eat more than formula fed

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9
Q

During the first few weeks, how many feedings a day does an infant recieve?

A

-8 to 12 feedings a day

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10
Q

What is the carbohydrate in breast milk? (also formula)

A

-lactose

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11
Q

Lactose enhances absorption of which mineral?

A

-calcium

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12
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

-carbohydrate component in breast milk (small amounts found in cow & formula milk)
-help protect infant from infection and provides an energy source for the intestinal bacteria, which helps educate developing immune system

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13
Q

Human Breast milk contains less ?? than cows milk:

A

-protein
-beneficial because it places less stress on infants immature kidneys to excrete end product of protein metabolism, UREA.

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14
Q

Alpha-lacalbumin

A

-major protein in human breast milk

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15
Q

Casein:

A

-major protein in cows milk

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16
Q

Breast milk also contains what fatty acids? (formulas have to add these fatty acids)

A

-linoleic acid and linolenic acid
-DHA and EPA

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17
Q

What is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain?

A

-DHA and is also present in the retina of eye
DHA accumulation in the brain is the greatest during fetal development and early infancy

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18
Q

What vitamin is low in breast milk?

A

-D
-deficiency impairs bone mineralization (rickets)

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19
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is most likely in infants who are not:

A

-exposed to sunlight daily
-have dark pigmented skin
-and receive breast milk without vitamin D supplementation

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20
Q

AAP recommends a vitamin D supplement for all infants who are:

A

-breastfed exclusively
-for any infants who do not receive at least 1 liter or 1 quart of vitamin D–fortified formula daily

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21
Q

colostrum:

A

-a milklike secretion from the breasts containing mostly serum with antibodies and white blood cells.,
- present during the first few days after delivery before milk appears;
-rich in protective factors.

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22
Q

Protective factors in breast milk(7)

A

-antibodies
-bifidus factors (favor growth of friendly bacteria)
-growth factors
-lactadherin (inhibits binding of pathogens to intestinal muscosa)
-lactoferrin(prevents bacteria from getting iron they need to gorw)
-lysozyme (with lactoferrin, kills bacteria)
-oligosaccharides

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23
Q

Breastfeeding also protects against other common illnesses of infancy such as:

A

-middle ear infection and respiratory illness.
-have fewer allergic reactions
-reduces risk of SIDS

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24
Q

If infants are less than a year old, mothers must wean them onto:

A

-infant formula, not onto plain cow’s milk of any kind

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25
Q

Infant formulas contain no protective ??? for
infants, but what can help protect them?

A

-antibodies
-vaccinations, purified water, and clean environments in developed countries help protect infants from infections.

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26
Q

what is of particular concern when preparing infant formula?

A

-lead contaminated water
-let water from tap run for a few minutes before drinking or using to prepare formula.

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27
Q

nursing bottle tooth decay:

A

-extensive tooth decay due to prolonged tooth contact with formula, milk, fruit juice, or other carbohydrate-rich liquid offered to an infant in a bottle.
-to prevent this do not put child to bed with a bottle as pacifier

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28
Q

The AAP advises that substituting cow’s milk in place of breast milk or infant formula is not appropriate during the:

A

-the first year of life

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29
Q

Cows milk can cause

A

-intestinal bleeding
-poor source of iron
-low in vitamin C

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30
Q

however, when infants begin complementary foods (between four and six months of age), it is acceptable to introduce cow’s milk protein in the form of:

A

-whole-milk yogurt or as an ingredient baked or cooked into other age-appropriate foods

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31
Q

When can an infants gastrointestinal tract be able to digest and absorb all nutrients?

A

-2 to 3 months of age

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32
Q

infants are often developmentally ready to accept complementary foods between:

A

-four and six months of age

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33
Q

The addition of foods to an infant’s diet should be governed by three considerations:

A

-the infant’s nutrient needs,
-the infant’s physical readiness to handle different forms of foods,
-the need to detect and control allergic reactions.

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34
Q

baby-led weaning:

A

a method of introducing complementary foods to infants in which the infant is offered a variety of single, graspable, soft foods to eat.
-promotes hand eye coordination, self-regulation, and independence

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35
Q

Best source of vitamin C:

A

-fruits and veggies
-fruit juice (no added sugars) is good source, none for infants, 4oz/day for toddlers and 6oz/day for young children.

36
Q

The ability to swallow solid food develops at around:

A

-four to six months

37
Q

New guidelines recommend introducing peanut-based foods early
(between ???and ???months), rather than later to prevent peanut allergy

A

-4 to 11 months

38
Q

food to omit from infants/toddlers:

A

-hard, slippery or crunchy foods (prevent chocking)
-baby food desserts
-canned veggies (high sodium)
-honey and corn syrup(risk for botulism)

39
Q

At what age can whole cows milk can become a primary source of many nutrients an infant needa?

A

-year 1
-2 to 3 cups a day, more than this can lead to milk anemia

40
Q

Ideally, a ??? year-old will sit at the table, eat many of the same foods everyone else eats, and drink liquids from a cup—not a bottle

A

-one

41
Q

Risks of prolonged bottle use

A

-iron deficiency, excessive weight gain, and tooth decay.

42
Q

Feeding guidelines to follow to help a child develop of healthy relationship with food: (5)

A

-discourage unacceptable behavior (such as standing at table or throwing food) by removing child from table to wait until later to eat.
-let young children explore and enjoy food.
-dont force food on children provide nutritious foods and let children choose which ones and how much they will eat.
-limit sweets
-make dining table a place of peace

43
Q

A one year old needs how many kcals a day? what about a 10 year old?

A

-800
-2000

44
Q

After one year of age, brain glucose use remains constant with the adult range so:

A

carbohydrate recommendations for xhildren at one years old are same as adults.

45
Q

To prevent iron deficiency, children’s foods must deliver???? to ?? milligrams
of iron per day.

A

7 to 10

46
Q

More than ??million U.S. children live in households that
sometimes have no food available.

A

-11

47
Q

Short-term hunger, such as when a child misses a meal, impairs
the child’s ability to -

A

pay attention and to be productive.

48
Q

Long-term hunger impairs

A

-growth and immune defenses.

49
Q

Food assistance programs such as ?? are designed to protect against hunger and improve the health of children:

A

-WIC programs
-School breakfast and national school lunch programs

50
Q

Iron deficiency has effects on childrens…

A

-behavior and intellectual performance

51
Q

In addition to carrying oxygen in the blood, iron
transports oxygen within cells, which use it for energy metabolism.
Iron is also used to make ??

A

-neurotransmitters
-specifically those that regulate the ability to pay attention and crucial to learning.

52
Q

How is iron deficiency diagnosed?

A

-hemoglobin or hematocrit test
-a child’s brain is sensitive to low iron conc. long before it appears on the test.

53
Q

IRon supplementation improves

A

-memory and learning

54
Q

A child with any of several nutrient deficiencies may be:

A

-irritable, aggressive, and disagreeable, or sad and withdrawn.
-labeled “hyperactive” “depressed” “unlikable”

55
Q

What children are most vulnerable to lead poisoning?

A

-malnourished (absorb more lead when stomach is empty)
-low intakes of vitamins and minerals specifically iron because iron deficiency weakens body defenses against lead absorption

56
Q

Circumstances associated with both iron deficiency and lead
poisoning are a:

A

-low socioeconomic status and a
-lack of immunizations against infectious diseases.
-pica

57
Q

Pica contribution to lead contamination

A

-craving of nonfood items
-many children with lead poisoning eat dirt or chips of old paint ( 2 common sources)

58
Q

Mild lead toxicity symptoms:

A

-nonspecific
-diarrhea, irritability, fatigue

59
Q

More advanced lead toxicity symptoms:

A

-irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, intellectual disabilities, and death

60
Q

Approximately ??? a million children between the ages of one and five in the United
States have blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per deciliter,

A

half

61
Q

body readily absorbs lead during times of ??? and
hoards it possessively thereafter

A

-rapid growth
-it is not readily excreted and accumulated mainly in bones but also teeth, brain, and kidneys

62
Q

only ?? to ?? percent of children younger than four years of age are diagnosed with true food allergies.

A

-4 to 8%

63
Q

A true food allergy occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule
are absorbed into the blood and

A
  • elicit an immunologic response.
64
Q

Allergies may have one or two components.

A

-They always involve antibodies; they may or may not involve symptoms

65
Q

anaphylactic shock:

A

-a life-threatening whole body allergic reaction to an
offending substance.
-most often caused by peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, fish

66
Q

children are more likely to outgrow their allergies to eggs, milk, wheat and soy rather than:

A

allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish

67
Q

Which allergy causes more life threatening reactions than do all other food allergies combinded?

A

-peanuts

68
Q

food intolerances:

A

-adverse reactions to foods or food additives that do not
involve the immune system (not allergies)

69
Q

Children’s food aversions may be the result of nature’s efforts to protect them
from

A

-allergic or other adverse reactions.
-so parents should take them seriously

70
Q

Hyperactivity affects behavior and learning in about ?? percent of young school-age
children.

A

-11
-hyperactivity does not reflect poor nutrition and it interferes with a child’s social development and ability to learn

71
Q

children and adolescents are categorized as overweight above
the ?? percentile and as obese at the ?? percentile and above

A

-85th
-95th

72
Q

obesity in young people is defined as BMI at the ?? percentile or BMI of ??
or greater,

A

-95th
-30

73
Q

Children with neither parent obese have a less than
?? percent chance of becoming obese in adulthood, whereas teens who are overweight with at least one parent who is obese have a greater than ??percent chance of being adults who are obese.

A

-10%
-80%

74
Q

two strong environmental factors explaining why children are heavier today than they were 50 or so years ago

A

-diet and physical inactivity

75
Q

Each 12-ounce can of soft drink provides the equivalent of about ?? teaspoons of sugar and ?? kcalories

A

-10
-120

76
Q

Television fosters overweight and obesity because it:

A

-requires no energy beyond basal metabolism
-replaces vigorous activities
-encourages snacking
-promotes a sedentary lifestyle

77
Q

Researchers studying more than 50,000 children determined that most excessive weight gains happen early—between the ages of:

A

two and six years of age

78
Q

Recommendations to prevent obesity in children:

A

-eat at least 5 servings of fruits and veggies each day.
-limit screen time to 2hours or less each day.
-spend 1 hours or more each day engaging in moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity
-drink 0 sweetened beverages

79
Q

Between ?? and ?? exposures to a new food are necessary before a toddler shows an enhanced preference for the food

A

-5 and 10

80
Q

A number of schools have discovered that children eat a much
better lunch if it is served ?? , rather than ??, recess

A

after rather than before

81
Q

all government-funded meals served at schools must follow the

A

-Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

82
Q

the adolescent growth spurt begins at age ?? for females and at
age ??for males

A

-10 or 11
-12 or 13
-LASTS 2.5 YEARS

83
Q

On average, males grow ?? inches taller, and females, ?? inches taller. Males gain approximately ??pounds, and females, about ??pounds

A

-8 in
-6in
-45lbs
-35lbs

84
Q

Adolescents may need as many as ??cups per day of low-fat
or nonfat milk or other low-fat milk products to provide adequate vitamin D

A

-four

85
Q

Iron needs increase for females as they start to ?? and for
males as their ??body mass develops.

A

-menstruate
-lean

86
Q

Adolescents eat about ?? of their meals away
from home,

A

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clinical nutrition (26 decks)

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