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clinical nutrition > chapter 12 book notes > Flashcards

chapter 12 book notes Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly used age groups include:
young old ?? ,
old ??, and
oldest old?? .

A

-(65–74 years)
-(75–84 years)
- (>85 years)

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2
Q

Most urgent need of nutrition of older people:

A

-to have made good food choices in the past

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3
Q

The U.S. Bureau of the Census projects that by the year 2050 more than a ?? Americans will be 100 years old or older.

A

-million

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4
Q

Life expectancy in the United States is ??? years

A

-79

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5
Q

What is responsible for the doubling of life expectancy in the 20th century?

A

-improved nutrition
-abundant food supply
-advances in medical science (antibiotics and other medications)

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6
Q

What is the upper limit of human longevity?

A

-125years

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7
Q

a person’s life expectancy depends on both:

A
  • individual health-related behaviors and genes
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8
Q

physiological age:

A

-a person’s age as estimated from her or his body’s health and probable life expectancy.

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9
Q

Healthy habits that have a profound influence on peoples health and physiological age:

A

-follow a healthy, plant based diet such as Mediterranean diet
-maintaining healthy body weight
-engaging in regular physical activity
-not smoking
-not using alcohol., or using it in moderation
-sleeping regularly and adequately
-having a sense of purpose
-relieving stress
-belonging to a community of friends and family

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10
Q

Which healthy habit is the most influential?

A

-physical activity

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11
Q

older adults who are active weigh:

A

-less; have greater flexibility, more endurance, better balance, and better
health; and live longer

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12
Q

aerobic activities improve:

A

-cardiorespiratory endurance, blood pressure, and blood lipid concentrations

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13
Q

moderate endurance activities improve the quality of:

A

-sleep

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14
Q

resistance training significantly improves:

A

-posture and mobility
-also increases energy expenditure and energy intake (so older adults eat more and thus get more nutrients)

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15
Q

regular physical activity is a powerful predictor of a person’s ??? in the later years

A

-mobility
-in which mobility is closely related to longevity

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16
Q

Physical activity also increases blood flow to the :

A

-brain, thereby preserving mental ability, alleviating depression, and
supporting independence.

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17
Q

Exercise for older adults should include:

A

-aerobic
-strength
-balance
-flexibility

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18
Q

Restriction of kcalories and long life

A

-prolongs life but no explanation,
-although gene activity might play a role
-prevents damaging lipid oxidation

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19
Q

Moderate energy restriction (?? to ?? percent of usual intake) in human beings may
be valuable.

A

-80 to 90%

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20
Q

Nutrition alone, even if ideal, cannot guarantee a:

A

-long life

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21
Q

better-known relationships between nutrition and disease are
the following:

A

-appropriate energy intake helps prevent obesity, diabetes, and related cardiovascular diseases and may influence the development of some forms of cancer
-adequate intakes of essential nutrients prevent deficiency diseases such as scurvy, goiter, and anemia
-variety of food intake may be protective of certain cancers
-moderation in sugar intake helps prevent dental caries
-appropriate fiber intake may help prevent constipation, and possibly colon cancer
-moderate sodium intake helps prevents hypertension
-adequate calcium intake helps protect against osteoporosis

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22
Q

cataracts:

A

-clouding/thickening of the eye lenses that impairs vision and can lead to blindness.

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23
Q

What plays a significant role in the development of cataracts?

A

-oxidative stress/damage
-UV light exposure
-viral infections
-toxic substances
-genetic disorders

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24
Q

What does not prevent or slow the progression of cataracts? and what does?

A

-antioxidant nutrient (C, E, AND carotenoids) do not help
-fruits and veggies rich in antioxidants does help

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25
Q

Most cataracts are vaguely called “?? ” cataracts, meaning “??.”

A

-senile
-caused by aging

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26
Q

In the United States, ?? of all adults have a cataract by age 75

A

-half

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27
Q

The leading cause of visual loss among older people is:

A

-macular degeneration

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28
Q

macular degeneration:

A

-deterioration of the macular area of the eye that can lead to loss of central vision and eventual blindness
-caused by oxidative stress from sunlight

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29
Q

What helps reduce the regression of macular degeneration, in those who already have the disease?

A

-antioxidants vitamin C and E
-mineral zinc

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30
Q

arthritis:

A
  • inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and structural changes.
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31
Q

The most common type of arthritis that disables older people is:

A

-osteoarthritis

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32
Q

osteoarthritis:

A

-a painful, chronic disease of the joints
-occurs when the cushioning cartilage in a joint breaks down;
-joint structure is usually altered, with loss of function;
-also called degenerative arthritis

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33
Q

Arthritis has become more prevalent as the population has become increasingly:

A

-obese
-weight loss can help people who are overweight and have osteoarthritis because the joints that are affected are weight bearing joints (may relieve pain in hand as well even if not weight bearing)

34
Q

Traditional medical interventions for arthritis include:

A

-medication and surgery

35
Q

Two popular supplements for treating osteoarthritis:

A

-—glucosamine and chondroitin may alleviate pain and improve mobility,
-further research needed

36
Q

rheumatoid arthritis:

A

-a disease of the immune system involving painful inflammation of the joints and related structures
-immune system attacks bone covering as if they were foreign tissue

37
Q

What can help improve rheumatoid arthritis?

A

-Mediterranean type diet (fish, veggies, olive oil)
-omega 3 fatty acids found in fish oil

38
Q

dementia:

A

-the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities
-not a part of normal aging

39
Q

Changes in brain as it ages:

A

-blood supply decreases
-the number of neurons “brain cells” diminishes
-

40
Q

cerebral cortex:

A
  • the outer surface of the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain
    -losses of neurons here affect hearing and speech
41
Q

Losses of neurons in other parts of the cortex affect:
losses of neurons in the hindbrain affect:

A

-impair memory and cognitive function
-balance and posture

42
Q

Clinicians now recognize that much of the cognitive loss and forgetfulness generally attributed to aging is due in part to

A

-environment, and therefore controllable, factors such as nutrient deficiencies.

43
Q

The ability of neurons to synthesize specific neurotransmitters depends in part on the availability of:

A

-precursor nutrients that are obtained from the diet.
EX serotonin derives from amino acid tryptophan

44
Q

Enzymes involved in neurotransmitters synthesis require:

A

-vitamins and minerals

45
Q

Which vitamins may slow brain atrophy and improve cognition and memory:

A

-Vitamin B6 and B12

46
Q

senile dementia may be attributable to a specific disorder such as:

A
  • a brain tumor or Alzheimer’s disease
47
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

A
  • a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain and impairs thinking, behavior, and memory.
    -most preventable form of dementia
48
Q

Alzheimer’s disease affects more than ?? million people in the United States, and that
number is expected to ??? by the year 2060

A

-5
-triple

49
Q

The primary risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease is ?? , but the exact cause remains
unknown

A

-age

50
Q

What may be involved in Alzheimer’s disease:

A

-genetic factors
-free radicals and oxidative stress

51
Q

Nerve cells in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease show evidence
of free-radical attack—damage to

A

-DNA, cell membranes, and proteins.

52
Q

Minerals that trigger these attacks:

A

-iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum

53
Q

What can limit free-radical damage and delay/prevent Alzheimer’s disease?

A

-ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS c and E
-Mediterranean diet
-DASH diet
-physical activity

54
Q

Increasing evidence also suggests that inflammation and underlying diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in middle age are associated with:

A

-dementia in general
-and Alzheimer’s disease in particular

55
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, the brain develops:`

A

-senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

56
Q

senile plaques:

A

-clumps of the protein fragment beta-amyloid on the nerve cells, commonly
found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s dementia.

57
Q

neurofibrillary tangles:

A

-snarls of the threadlike strands that extend from the nerve cells, commonly
found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s dementia.

58
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s disease involves:

A
  • providing care to clients and support to their families
    -drugs can improve it but not cure
59
Q

Maintaining appropriate ?? may be the most important nutrition concern
for the person with Alzheimer’s disease.

A

-body weight

60
Q

Energy needs decline with advancing ?? . What % per decade?

A

-age
-decline 5% per decade

61
Q

Reasons why energy needs decline with age:

A

-reduction of physical activity
-basal metabolic rate declines 1 to 2% per decade
-lean body mass and thyroid hormones dimishes

62
Q

sarcopenia:

A

-age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function.
-accompanied by gain in body fat

63
Q

As skeletal muscle mass diminishes, people lose their ability
to:

A

-move and to maintain balance, making falls likely.

64
Q

Currently, the protein RDA for older adults is the same as that for younger
adults, which is??

A

-(0.8 g/kg body weight).
-but emerging evidence shows that protein needs may be higher in older adults (1-1.2 g/kg body weight)

65
Q

With advancing age, people take in fewer total kcalories from food and
so may need a greater percentage of kcalories from ?? at each meal to support a
healthy immune system and prevent the loss of:

A

-protein
-muscle tissue, bone tissue, and other lean body mass

66
Q

Why is dehydration a risk for older adults?

A

-find it difficult or bothersome to get a drink or go to the bathroom
-lost of bladder control may prevent them from drinking too much water
-do not feel thirsty or dryness in mouth

67
Q

Total body water ?? as people age, so even mild stresses such as fever or hot
weather can precipitate rapid dehydration in older adults.

A

-decreases

68
Q

Effects of dehydration in older adults

A

-urinary tract infections,
-pneumonia,
-pressure ulcers,
-confusion,
-disorientation

69
Q

To prevent dehydration, older adults need to drink at least?

A

-6 glasses of water every day
-or emphasizing food with high water content can help (melon and soup)

70
Q

Vitamin D and aging

A

-older people are at greater risk of VD deficiency
-aging reduces skins capacity to make VD and kidneys ability to convert it to its active form.

71
Q

Not only are older adults not getting enough vitamin D, but they may actually need more to

A

-improve both muscle and bone strength.

72
Q

most reliable source of vitamin D,

A

-VD fortified milk
-older adults do not drink enough milk

73
Q

adults 51 to 70 years old need – micrograms
daily and those 71 and older need –micrograms OF VITAMIN D

A

-15
-20

74
Q

The DRI committee recommends that adults aged 51 years and older
obtain?? micrograms of vitamin B12 daily and that vitamin B12–fortified foods

A

-2.4

75
Q

atrophic gastritis:

A

-one cause of malabsorption of protein bound vitamin B12
-chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucosa and glands.

76
Q

Iron deficiency and older adults

A

-iron deficiency is less common in older adults than younger people
-iron deficiency in adults results from chronic blood loss from disease conditions and medicines and poor iron absorption due to reduced secretion of stomach acid and antacid use.

77
Q

Zinc deficiency and older adults

A

-zinc deficiency depresses appetite and blunt the sense of taste
-also increases the likelihood of infectious diseases such as pneumonia

78
Q

Calcium in older adults protects against:

A

-osteoporosis

79
Q

The most common drug that can affect nutrition in older people is ??.

A

-alcohol

80
Q

Older people spend more money per person on foods to eat at ?? than other age
groups and less money on foods eaten away from home

A

-home

81
Q

Most influential factors in older peoples food choices:

A

-familiarity, taste, and health beliefs

82
Q

Older Americans Act (OAA) provides many different support services to

A

-help older adults remain healthy and independent.

clinical nutrition (26 decks)

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