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clinical nutrition > Chapter 7 book notes > Flashcards

Chapter 7 book notes Flashcards

1
Q

what causes obesity?

A

-many interrelated causes

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2
Q

Two major contributing and interacting factors that cause obesity:

A

1)genetics
2)environment

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3
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A

-genetic disorder characterized by excessive appetite, massive obesity, short stature, and often intellectual disability.

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4
Q

How many sites in the human genome is associated with obesity & fat distribution?

A

-more than 300 sites

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5
Q

For someone with at least one obese parent, the chance of becoming obese is estimated to fall between…

A

30-70%

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6
Q

An individuals genetic inheritance may make obesity likely, it will not necessarily develop unless gives a push by

A

-environmental factors that encourage energy consumption and discourage energy expenditure.

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7
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

-enzyme mounted on the surface of fat cells
-hydrolyzes triglycerides in the blood into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption into the cells.

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8
Q

LPL promotes..

A

-fat storage in fat cells and muscle cells
-people with high LPL activity are especially efficient at storing fat

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9
Q

leptin:

A

-a hormone produced by fat cells under the direction of the obesity gene
- it is in proportion to the amount of fat stored.
- It decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.

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10
Q

A gain in body fatness stimulates the production of…? And what stimulates the release of leptin?

A

-leptin
-hypothalamus

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11
Q

Fat loss produces the opposite effect—

A

-suppression of leptin production
-increased appetite
-decreased energy expenditure

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12
Q

Because leptin is a protein, it would be destroyed during digestion if given orally, so it must be given through a?

A

-injection

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13
Q

Obese people do not have leptin deficiency, they produce plenty of leptin, but

A

-they fail to respond to it.
-condition known as “leptin resistance”

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14
Q

Ghrelin

A

-a hormone produced primarily by the stomach
cells.
-It signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate appetite by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting efficient energy storage.

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15
Q

Ghrelin powerfully triggers the desire to..

A

-eat

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16
Q

Blood levels of ghrelin typically rise..

A

-before a meal and fall after a meal

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17
Q

High ghrelin levels correlate with..

A

-lower body weight
-when body is in negative energy balance (low-kcal diet)

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18
Q

Low levels of ghrelin correlate with..

A

-higher body weight
-positive energy balance

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19
Q

Ghrelin and sleep duration:

A

-a lack of sleep increases levels of ghrelin
-helps explain the associations between inadequate sleep, higher energy intakes, and weight gain.

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20
Q

The amount of fat in adipose tissue reflects both..

A

-the number and size of fat cells

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21
Q

The # of fat cells increases most rapidly during..

A

-the growing years of late childhood and early puberty.

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22
Q

Obesity causes fat cells to get bigger, but after they reach their maximum size..

A

-more cells can develop to store more fat.

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23
Q

With fat loss, the size of cells shrink, but

A

-their number cannot
-because of this people with extra fat cells may tend to regain lost weight rapdily

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24
Q

When is prevention of obesity most critical?

A

-during the growing years if childhood and adolescence when the # of fat cells increases to the most profound extent.

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25
Excess fat first fills.. if fat is still abundant, the excess if then deposited..
-bodys natural storage site (adipose tissue) -in organs such as the heart and liver
26
set-point theory:
-the theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls (physiologically related)
27
The theory suggests that the body somehow chooses
-a preferred weight and defends that weight by regulating eating behaviors and hormonal actions.
28
Microbiota may affect..
-many body systems (brain, adipose tissue, and muscles) that can alter the bodys use and storage of energy.
29
When the mix of bacterial species falls out of balance, potentially...
-harmful bacteria proliferate -producing substances that increase inflammation and are associated with obesity, diabetes, etc.
30
Determining whether certain bacteria might be the cause or consequence of weight change is difficult, because...
-colonies quickly grow or diminish with changes in diet.
31
obesogenic environment:
-all the factors surrounding a person that promote weight gain -such as an increased food intake—especially of unhealthy choices—and decreased physical activity.
32
FDA requires chain restaurants with 20 or more locations, including fast food, to provide..
-kcalorie information on menus and menu boards for each standard menu item.
33
hunger:
-the physiological need to eat -programmed into people by their heredity
34
Appetite
-the psychological desire to eat; -a learned motivation -can lead people to ignore hunger or respond to it
35
satiation:
-the feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating. -determines how much food is consumed during a meal.
36
satiety:
-the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal -inhibits eating until the next meal. -determines how much time passes between meals.
37
Satiation tells us to.. satiety reminds us to..
-stop eating -not start eating again
38
National goals to combat obesity:
-provide opportunities to help make physical activity an integral and routine part of life. -Create environments that ensure healthy foods and beverages are visible, attractive, and easy to obtain. -Encourage media messages that promote physically active lifestyles and nutritionally healthy diets. -Support health care providers in offering information on weight management and employers in offering wellness programs. -Strengthen schools as centers that promote fitness and health.
39
The question of whether a person should lose weight depends on many factors such as:
-the extent of overweight, age, health, and genetics,
40
Weight-loss advice does not apply..
-equally to all people who are overweight. -some people may risk more in the process of losing weight than remaining overweight.
41
Millions of people in the United States, even some who are not overweight, use...
-over the-counter (OTC) weight-loss products
42
OTC weight-loss pills, powders, herbs, and other “dietary supplements” are not..
-associated with successful weight loss and maintenance, and they may not be safe.
43
FDA has found an alarming # of products that illegally contain prescriptions medications in OTC weight loss like..
-Strong diuretics -unproven experimental drugs -psychotropic drugs used to treat mental illnesses, -and even drugs deemed unsafe and so banned from U.S. markets
44
FDA has approved several drugs for treatment of obesity, these drugs should only be prescribed to those..
-people with medical risks, not cosmetic reasons, and should be accompanied by healthy eating and activity plans.
45
Some physicians prescribe drugs that have not been approved for weight loss, a practice known as..
-"off-label" use -These drugs have been approved for other conditions (such as seizures) and incidentally cause modest weight loss.
46
clinically severe obesity:
-a BMI of 40 or greater, -or a BMI of 35 or greater with one or more serious conditions such as hypertension. -"morbid obesity" -8% of US prevalence
47
At this level of obesity the most effective treatment is:
-surgery
48
3 major surgery's that can be done:
1)gastric bypass (changes production of gastrointestinal hormones) 2)gastric banding 3)sleeve gastrectomy ALL REDUCE STOMACH CAPACITY
49
Results are significant, depending on type of surgery???to ???% of excess weight remains lost after 10 years.
- 20 to 30%
50
Efforts to combat obesity must integrate:
-healthy dietary patterns, physical activities, supportive environments, and psychosocial support
51
Successful weight loss, then, is defined not by pounds lost but rather by
-health gained
52
people who are overweight or obese who must reduce their weight to lower their disease risks might set three broad goals:
1)reduce body weight by 5-10% in half a year 2)maintain a lower body weight over the long term 3)at minimum, prevent further weight gain
53
weight loss is hard at first, and then it may
-get harder.
54
Rapid weight loss usually means excessive loss of:
-lean tissue, a lower BMR, and a rapid weight regain to follow.
55
Obesity experts recommend that reductions in energy intake should be based on a person’s:
-BMI
56
People who are overweight (BMI of 25 or greater) and those who are obese (BMI of 30 or greater) are encouraged to reduce their usual daily kcalorie intakes by about:
-500 to 750 kcalories to produce a weight loss of about 1 to 2 pounds per week while retaining lean tissue
57
Consulting with a ? can help a person develop personalized nutrition goals.
-registered dietitian nutritionist
58
Weight loss may proceed rapidly for some weeks or months but will eventually slow down. The following factors contribute to a decline in the rate of loss:
-Metabolism may slow down in response to a lower kcalorie intake and loss of metabolically active lean tissue. -Less energy may be expended in physical activity as body weight diminishes.
59
Body weight lost early in dieting may be composed of a greater percentage:
-of water and lean tissue,
60
Most people can lose weight safely on a dietary pattern providing approximately ??? kcalories per day for women and ?? kcalories per day for men
-1200 to 1500 -1500 to 1800
61
What dietary patterns provide nutrient adequacy and are generally associated with improved health:
-vegetarian and maditerranean
62
Which two vitamins/minerals, for women, can help follow a low-kcalorie dietary pattern to achieve nutrient adequacy:
-iron & calcium
63
Foods high in fat and low in water (cookies, fatty meats,, chips) are:
-higher in energy density
64
Foods high in water and fiber (fruits and veggies) are:
-lower in energy density -they tend to be bulkier, providing more bites for fewer kcalories, and thus more satisfying.
65
Consumption of which tree nuts are associated with lower BMI and smaller waist circumference:
-almonds, walnuts, & pecans
66
People who eat small, frequent meals can be as successful at weight loss and maintenance as those who:
-only eat 3
67
On average, sugar-sweetened beverages contribute about ?? kcalories a day
-140
68
Simply replacing nutrient-poor, energy-dense beverages with water can help a person lower energy intake by at least:
- 5 percent
69
People who combine diet and physical activity are more likely to lose:
-more fat, retain more muscle, and regain less weight than those who only diet.
70
Current recommendations advise a weekly exercise pattern that includes:
-150 to 300 minutes of moderate- intensity aerobic activity -or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, OR COMBO OF THE TWO
71
Even without weight loss, physical activity can:
-reduces abdominal obesity, and this change improves blood pressure, insulin resistance, and fitness of the heart and lungs
72
BMR is elevated in the hours after..
-vigorous physical activity
73
Over the long term, however, a person who engages in daily vigorous activity gradually develops more
-lean tissue, which is more active metabolically than fat tissue
74
a physically active person may eat more than a sedentary person, but not so much as to:
-overcompensate for the energy expended in exercise
75
What kind of physical activity is best?
-For health, a combination of moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activity along with resistance training at a safe level provides benefits
76
resistance training:
-the use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength, power, and endurance; -also called weight training. -A person’s own body weight may also be used to provide resistance, as when a person does push-ups, pull-ups, or abdominal crunches.
77
Health care professionals frequently advise people who want to manage their body weight and lose fat to engage in..
-low to moderate intensity for a long duration' -EX: hour long fast paced walk -because this allows for a person to stick to their activity for longer times and less likely to injure themseleves
78
The conditioned body that is adapted to strenuous and prolonged aerobic activity uses more fat:
-all day long, not just during activity
79
Does certain parts of the body give up fat in preference to another?
-NO -fat cells all over body release fat in response to demand and the fat is then used by whatever muscles are active
80
A key to weight maintenance is accepting it as a:
- lifelong endeavor and not seeing it as a goal to be achieved and then forgotten
81
self efficacy:
-a persons belief in their ability to succeed in an undertaking
82
lapses:
-periods of returning tp old habits.
83
Underweight is a far less prevalent then overweight, affecting only about ??% of U.S. adults:
-2%
84
Those who wish to gain weight for appearance’s sake or to improve athletic performance should be aware that a healthful weight can be achieved only through:
-physical activity, particularly strength training, combined with a high energy intake -eating extra food will then support a gain of both muscle and fat.
85
Energy-dense foods (the very ones eliminated from a successful weight-loss diet) hold the key to:
- weight gain -so milkshakes instead of fat free milk, peanut butter instead of lean meat, avocados instead of cucumbers, whole wheat muffins instead of whole wheat bread
86
eat more food within the first ??` minutes of a meal before you begin to feel full
-20
87
6 cups of cranberry juice adds almost ??? kcalories to the day’s intake
1000
88
What is best to eat for people who are underweight due to illness?
-concentrated liquid formulas -a weak person can swallow them easily
89
What kind of diet will a registered dietitian nutritionist recommend to help a weak underweight person due to illness ?
-high protein, high kcalorie formulas

clinical nutrition (26 decks)

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