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A&P > Chapter 8: Articulations and Movement > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Articulations and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation or Joint

A
  1. Place where two bones (or cartilage) come together.
  2. Freely movable, limited, or no apparent movement.
  3. Structure correlated with movement
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2
Q

Articulation or Joints named in 3 ways

A
  1. according to bones/parts united (temporo-maindibular).
  2. according to only one of bones (humeral).
  3. by Latin equivalent of common name (cubital).
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3
Q

Fibrous Joint

A
  • United by fibrous connective tissue.
  • No joint cavity
  • Moves little to none.
  • Types: structures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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4
Q

Structures of Fibrous Joints

A
  • Bones interdigitate
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5
Q

Syndesmoses

A

a. Bones are farther apart than in suture joints- joined by ligaments.
b. Some movement (radioulnar or interosseus membrane.

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6
Q

Gomphoses

A

a. Specialized
b. Pegs fit into sockets
c. Peridontal ligaments: keeps teeth in place.
d. Gingivitis (inflammation) - Periodontal disease

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7
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

United by hyaline or fibrocartilage.

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8
Q

Synchrondroses

A

a. Hylaine cartilage
b. Little or no movement
c. most are temporary - replaced by synostosis.
d. Some are permanent.
e. Some costochondral joints develop into synovial joints.

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9
Q

Symphyses

A

a. Fibrocatrilage

b. Slightly movable

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10
Q

Change in symhysis

A

Pregnancy - estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin - symphysis becomes more “stretchable.”

  • joint can relax some.
  • after delivery, joint goes back to original condition
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11
Q

Synovial Joints

A

a. synovial fluid
b. considerable movement
c. most joints of appendicular skeleton
d. complex

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12
Q

Structure of Synovial Joints

A

a. Bursae - pockets of synovial membrane
- lf the fluid from joint= Bursitis
b. Articular discs: (TMJ, sternoclavicular, acromicoclavicular.
c. Menisci: Fibrocartilaginous pads (knee)
d. Tendon sheaths: synovial sacs surround tendons

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13
Q

Movements at Synovial joints

A

Uniaxial: occuring around 1 axis
Biaxial: occuring around 2 axes at right angles to each other.
Multiaxial: occuring around several axes

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14
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

Plane, Saddle Joints, Hing joints, Pivot joints, Ball, Ellipsoid

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15
Q

Plane

A
  • Uniaxial. Some rotation possible but limited

- intervertebral

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16
Q

Saddle Joints

A
  • Biaxial

- Thumb - carpometacrpal pollicis

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17
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  • Uniaxial
  • Convex cylinder in one bone; concavity in the other
  • Elbow. “knee”, ankle, interphalangeal
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18
Q

Pivot Joint

A
  • Uniaxial: Rotation around around a single axis

- Cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament

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19
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A
  • Multiaxial

- Shoulder hip joints

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20
Q

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints

A
  • Modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces elliosoid
  • Biaxial
  • Atlantooccipital
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21
Q

Gliding

A

in plane joints; slight movement

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22
Q

Angular

A
  1. Flexion and Extension
    a. Hyperextension
    b. Plantar and Dorsiflection
  2. Abduction and adduction
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23
Q

Circular

A
  1. Rotation
  2. Pronation and Supination
  3. Circumduction
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24
Q

Flexion

A

anterior to the cornal plane

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25
Q

Extension

A

posterior to the cornal plane

26
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Move foot toward plantar surface (Standing tiptoes)

27
Q

Dorsiflextion:

A

Foot lifted toward shin

28
Q

Abduction

A

take away from midline

29
Q

Adduction

A

bring toward midline (add)

30
Q

Spcecial Movements

A

Unique to only one or two joints

31
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

Shoulder Shrug

32
Q

Protraction and Retraction

A

Movement of jaw forward and backward

33
Q

Excursion

A

move jaw side to side

34
Q

Opposition and Reposition

A

Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
Reposition: return to anatomical position

35
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion - moves the foot so that the sole of the foot faces the opposite foot
Eversion - turns the foot so the sole faces laterally

36
Q

Range of motion

A

amount of mobility

37
Q

Active muscle

A

muscle contraction

38
Q

Passive muscle

A

outside force that moves muscles

39
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Jaw (TMJ). Plane and ellipsoid joint

  • Fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior/inferior
  • Depression/elevation, excursion, protraction/ retraction
40
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumearl) Joint

A

Ball-and-socket joint
flexion/extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Tendon of biceps brachii- through joint capsule

41
Q

Glenoid Labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity

42
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

4 muscles add stability to the joint

43
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Compound Hinge Joint
Trochlear notch/trochlea - limits extension and flexion
rounded head of radius - pronation/supination
Olecranon bursa

44
Q

Elbow Joint Ligaments

A

Ulnar Collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament
Radial Annular Ligament

45
Q

Hip Joint

A

Ball-and-socket
flex/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction
Strong joint reinforced by ligaments

46
Q

Ligamentum Teres

A

head of femur

47
Q

Hip Ligament

A

Iliofermoral Ligament

48
Q

Knee Joint

A

Eliosoid Joint

49
Q

Mensci

A

Fibrocartilage articular disk build up margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface

50
Q

Cruciate Ligaments

A

intercondylar eminence - tibia. Connects to femur

51
Q

ACL

A

Anterior Curciate Ligament

- Prevents anterior displacement of tibia

52
Q

PCL

A

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

- Prevents posterior displacement

53
Q

Collateral and Popliteal ligaments

A

helps strengthen joints

54
Q

Unhappy Triad - Football injuries

A

Tibial collateral ligament, ACL, and medial meniscus

55
Q

Chondromalacia

A

cartilage of patella soft

56
Q

Hermarthrosis

A

blood in joint

57
Q

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

A

Hinge Joint
- Lateral and medial thickening of capsule- prevents side-to-side
- Dorsiflection/Plantar flexion
Ligaments of arch - hold bones and transfer weight

58
Q

Effects of Aging on Joints

A

Tissue repair slows
Articular cartilages wear down become shorter
Production of synovial fluids declines
Ligaments and tendons become shorter
Muscles around joints weaken
Decreased activity, less flexibility, and decreased ROM

59
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of any joints

60
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear

61
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease

A&P (6 decks)

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