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A&P > Chapter 4: The Study Of Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Study Of Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Classification is based on 3 things

A
  1. Structure of the cells
  2. Composition of extracellular matrix - noncellular substance surrounding the cells
  3. Cell function
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2
Q

Epithelial

A

Cells at a surface and contact each other

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3
Q

Connective

A

Connects the other three tissue types

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4
Q

Muscle

A

Special properties - contract

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5
Q

Nervous

A

Special properties - Signals

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6
Q

Biopsy

A

For diagnostic purpose. The process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or without a needle for diagnostic purposes.

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7
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of organs to determine cause of death

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8
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A 
A. Almost entirely cells 
B. Covers body surfaces and forms glands
1. Outside 
2. Lining inside 
C. Has free and basal surfaces 
D. Basement membrane 
E. Avascular 
F. Undergoes mitosis
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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

Extracellular secretions from epithelium and connective tissue - “glue”

  1. Attaches to connective tissue
  2. Guides cell migration for tissue repair
  3. Filter- nephron of kidney
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10
Q

4 primary types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

Specialized type of extracellular material secreted epithelial and connective tissue cells.

  1. Attaches to connective tissue
  2. Guides cells migration for tissue repair
  3. Filter- nephron of kidney
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12
Q

Functions - Epithelial Tissue

A

A. Layers and shapes - determines function:
- diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection
B. Cell surface:
1. Smooth: reduces friction
2. Microvilli ( brush border): increase surface area for absorption or secretion
C. Cilia: move materials across cell surface

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13
Q

Classification - Epithelium

A

A. Number of layers of cells
1. Simple 2. Stratified 3. Pseudostratifie
B shape of cells
1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar

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14
Q

Simple

A

One layer

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15
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

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16
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Appears to be stratified, but all cells are attached to basement membrane

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17
Q

Squamous

A

Flat, scale-like

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18
Q

Cuboidal

A

About equal in height and width

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19
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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20
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Where - lining of blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli of the lungs
What - diffusion, filtration

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21
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Where: microvilli in kidney tubes
What: secretion, absorption

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22
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Where: GI tract - microvilli; lungs - cilli
What: secretion and absorption; or particle movement

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23
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Where: a. moist - mouth, throat, esophagus
b. Keratinized - skin
What: protection from abrasion, chemicals, water loss, infection.

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24
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Where: sweat glands ducts
What: secretion, absorption

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25
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Where: mammary gland duct
What: secretion

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26
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appears stratified but nuclei at versus levels
always ciliated - have goblet cells -> mucous
Where: nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs
What: secrete mucus, move mucus

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27
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Stratified. Also cells change shape when distended
Where: lining urinary bladder, ureters
What: stretch with volume changes of organ

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28
Q

Cell connections - functions

A

Bind cells together
Permeability layer (barrier)
Intercellular communication

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29
Q

Bind cells together

A

Desmosomes

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30
Q

Permeability layer (barrier)

A

Tight junctions

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31
Q

Intercellular communication

A

Gap junctions - a special contact region between cells

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32
Q

Glands - secretory organs

A

A. Types of glands
1. Endocrine: no ducts (hormones)
2. Exocrine: ducts
B. Exocrine glands classified by structure or by ethnic of secretion
C. Classified by structure (number of cells)
1. Unicellular: goblet cells
2. Multicellular: most glands

33
Q

Classified by structure (types of glands)

  1. Simple: ducts with few branches
  2. Compound: ducts with many branches
A
  1. Simple: ducts with few branches

2. Compound: ducts with many branches

34
Q

Classified by method of secretion

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

35
Q

Merocrine

A

Secretion with no loss of cytoplasm (sweat)

36
Q

Apocrine

A

Fragments in secretion - cell pinches off (mammary)

37
Q

Holocrine

A

Whole cells is part of secretion (sebaceous)

38
Q

Connective tissue

A

A. Abundant - found in every organ
B. Cells separated by extracellular matrix
C. Many types and wide variety of functions

39
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Enclose organs - Capsule. Separate organs into layers
  2. Connect tissue - tendons and ligaments
  3. Support and movement - bones
  4. Storage - fat
  5. Cushion/ insulate - fat
  6. Transport - blood
  7. Protect - cells of immune systems
40
Q

Connective tissue: cells

A
  1. Specialized cells produce extracellular matrix
  2. Descriptive word stems
    A. Blasts: create matrix (osteoblasts)
    B. Cytes: maintain matrix (chondrocytes)
    C. Clasts: breakdown for remodeling (osteoclasts)
41
Q

Blasts

A

Create matrix osteoblast

42
Q

Ctyes

A

Maintain mates (chondrocytes)

43
Q

Clasts

A

Break down for remodeling (osteoclasts)

44
Q

Connective tissue: cells (cont)

A
  1. Adipose or fat cells
  2. Mast cells. Contain herparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes
  3. White blood cells. Respond to injury/ infection
  4. Macrophages. Phagocytize to provide protection
    A. Fixed
    B. Wandering- move through connect tissue
    Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells)
45
Q

Connective tissue: Extracellular Matrix

A
  1. Protein fibers
  2. Ground substance
  3. Fluid
46
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Most common protein fibers

47
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagen- forms branching network

48
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Returning to original shape.

49
Q

Ground substance

A

Shapeless background

50
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Polysaccharide -> lubricant for joint cavities.

51
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein + polysaccharide. Traps large amounts of water

52
Q

Adhesive molecules:

A

Holds proteoglycans together

53
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

A. Loose packing material of moist organs& tissue

B. Attaches skin to underlying tissues.

54
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Has abundant collagen fibers- resists stretching
Tendons: muscles to bones
Ligaments: bones to bones

55
Q

Dense irregular collagenous

A

Protein fibers- randomly oriented. Tough

Most if dermis if skin

56
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

Dermis

A

Dense irregular collagenous

58
Q

Hypodermis

A

(Subcutaneous) - loose

59
Q

Connective tissue - special properties

A

Adipose
a. Yellow. Most abundant. White a birth. Yellows with age
b. brown. In axillae. Neck - more in babies
Regular tissue
A. Lymphatic and hemoietic tissues
B. Spaces between cells contain white blood cells and dendritic cells

60
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

61
Q

Bone

A 
A. Hard connective tissue: living cells 
B. Matrix: strength and rigidity 
- organic: collagen fibers
- inorganic: hydroxyapatite 
C. Osteocytes located in lacunae
62
Q

Bone types

A

Cancellous or spongey

Compact

63
Q

Cancellous or spongey

A

Trabeculae of bone with spaces. Looks like a sponge. Found inside bone

64
Q

Compact

A

Concentric layers around a central canal Periphery of bone.

65
Q

Blood

A

A. Matrix - liquid - plasma
B. Formed elements: red cells, white cells, platelets
C. Hemopoietic tissue - in red marrow

66
Q

Hemopoietic tissue

A
  1. Forms blood cells. Found in red bone marrow
  2. Types of bone marrow
    Red - hemopoietic tissue. Makes red & white cells
    Yellow - yellow adipose tissue
  3. As children grow, yellow marrow replaces red marrow
67
Q

Muscle tissue characteristics

A

Contracts or shortens with force

Moves body; pumps blood

68
Q

Muscle types

A

Skeletal: attached to skeleton. Strained and voluntary
Cardiac: heart. Striated and involuntary
Smooth: muscle of tubular structures and skin

69
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons or nerve cells - produce action potentials

70
Q

Nervous Tissue parts

A

Cell body
Axon
Dendrite

71
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus

72
Q

Axon:

A

cell process conducts impulses away from cell body; usually one per neuron

73
Q

Dentrite

A

Cell process recieve impulses from other neurons; many per neuron

74
Q

Nervous Tissue types

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo- unipolar

75
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Supports cells of brain, spinal cord and nerves

- Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons

76
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines cavities that open outside

Secrete mucus

77
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line cavities not open to outside

Simple squamous epithelium

78
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line movable joints

Produce hyaluronic acid

79
Q

Inflammatory manifestations

A 
Redness
Heat
Swelling 
Pain 
Disturbance of function

A&P (6 decks)

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