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Human Anatomy > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles

A

an organ that contracts for movement

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2
Q

what are 3 things muscles can do

A

muscle tone, distribute heat, generate heartbeat

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3
Q

List the 3 types of muscles

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

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4
Q

define epimysium

A

connective tissue that closely surrounds the muscle

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5
Q

define perimysium

A

separates the muscle tissue into small compartments

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6
Q

define fascicles

A

bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

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7
Q

what do fascicles do

A

allows the parts of the muscle to move somewhat independently

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8
Q

what is tendinitis

A

painful inflammation of repeated stress on a tendon

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9
Q

define muscle fiber

A

single cell that contracts in response to stimulation

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10
Q

define myofibrils

A

threadlike fibers important in contraction

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11
Q

list and describe the two types of protein fibers

A

myosin- thick

actin- thin

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12
Q

what do muscle fibers connect to

A

an axon

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13
Q

what is a motor neuron

A

a nerve cell for movement

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14
Q

why are mitochondria abundant

A

muscle cells need a lot of ATP

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15
Q

what happens when a motor neuron transmits an impulse

A

all muscle fibers linked will contract together

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16
Q

what is muscle contraction

A

a shortening of muscle fibers that pull its attachments

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17
Q

what is ATPase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes ATP into ADP that releases energy and puts the myosin cross bridge into a ready position

18
Q

when do skeletal fibers contract

A

when the neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulates it

19
Q

what is a neurotransmitter for

A

contraction of skeletal fibers

20
Q

true or false: when nerve impulses cease, 2 events lead to muscle relaxation

A

true

21
Q

what are the 2 events that lead to muscle relaxation

A

1st acetylcholine is rapidly decomposed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
2nd calcium is transported back into the sarcoplasmic

22
Q

what is botulism

A

food poisoning that paralyzes muscles

23
Q

what does creatine phosphate contain

A

high-energy phosphate bonds

24
Q

what do RBC’s do

A

carry oxygen needed on hemoglobin

25
Q

define anaerobic respiration

A

doesn’t require oxygen

26
Q

what is glycolysis

A

produces lactic acid

27
Q

what is an oxygen debt

A

equals the amount of oxygen liver cells require to convert lactic acid into glucose

28
Q

is anaerobic respiration a slow process

A

yes

29
Q

true or false: with exercise, a muscle will synthesize more glycolytic enzymes and form more mitochondria

A

true

30
Q

define fatigue

A

muscle exercised strenuously for a prolonged period may lose its ability to contract

31
Q

what is a cramp

A

painful condition of sustained involuntary contraction

32
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

condition after death of muscles contracting

33
Q

what helps maintain homeostatic body temperature

A

blood transports heat generated in muscle to other tissues

34
Q

define threshold stimulus

A

minimal strength required to causes a contraction

35
Q

what is the all or non response

A

muscle fiber contracts fully, cant contract partially

36
Q

ddefine myogram

A

resulting pattern from electrically stimulated muscle

37
Q

define twitch

A

single contraction that last only a fraction of a secod

38
Q

define latent period

A

delay between the time the stimulus was applied and the time the muscle fiber

39
Q

define summation

A

series of stimuli with increasing frequency reaches a point

40
Q

what is tetanic contraciton or tetanus

A

when resulting forceful, sustained contraction lack even partial relaxation

41
Q

define muscle tone

A

response to nerve impulses from the spinal cord and stimulates a few muscle fibers

42
Q

why is muscle tone important

A

important for maintaining posture

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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