Chapter 8

Question 1

Initiative v. Guilt

Answer 1

Erikson.
The psychological conflict of the preschool years.
As the word initiative suggests, young children have a new sense of purposefulness. They are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of adults.

Question 2

Self-Concept

Answer 2

The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believe defines who he or she is.

Question 3

Self-Esteen

Answer 3

The judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements

Question 4

Prosocial (Altruistic) Behavior

Answer 4

Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.

Question 5

Sympathy

Answer 5

Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight

Question 6

Nonsocial Activity

Answer 6

Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play.

Question 7

Parallel Play

Answer 7

In which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior.

Question 8

Associative Play

Answer 8

Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior.

Question 9

Cooperative Play

Answer 9

A more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.

Question 10

Induction

Answer 10

In which an adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others

Question 11

Moral Imperatives

Answer 11

Protect people’s rights and welfare from two other types of rules and expectations: social conventions, and matters of personal choice

Question 12

Social Conventions

Answer 12

Customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and politeness rituals

Question 13

Matters of Personal Choice

Answer 13

Such as choice of friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual

Question 14

Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression

Answer 14

In which children act to fulfill a need or desire - to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult or peer attention - and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal

Question 15

Reactive (Hostile) Aggression

Answer 15

An angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person

Question 16

Physical Aggression

Answer 16

Harms others though physical injury - pushing, hitting, kicking, or punching others, or destroying another’s property.

Question 17

Verbal Aggression

Answer 17

Harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing

Question 18

Relational Aggression

Answer 18

Damages another’s peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation

Question 19

Gender Typing

Answer 19

Refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

Question 20

Gender Identity

Answer 20

An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Question 21

Androgyny

Answer 21

Scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics

Question 22

Gender Constancy

Answer 22

A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change.

Question 23

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 23

An information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children’s cognition work together to shape gender-role development

Question 24

Child-Rearing Styles

Answer 24

Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate

Question 25

Authoritative Child-Rearing Style

Answer 25

The most successful approach. Involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.

Question 26

Authoritarian Child-Rearing Style

Answer 26

Low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting.

Question 27

Psychological Control

Answer 27

When parents attempt to take advantage of children’s psychological needs by intruding on and manipulating their verbal expressions, individuality, and attachments to parents.

Question 28

Uninvolved Child-Rearing Style

Answer 28

Combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.

Question 29

Child Maltreatment

Answer 29

• Physical Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Neglect
• Emotional Abuse