Chapter 8 Flashcards
Initiative v. Guilt
Erikson.
The psychological conflict of the preschool years.
As the word initiative suggests, young children have a new sense of purposefulness. They are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of adults.
Self-Concept
The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believe defines who he or she is.
Self-Esteen
The judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
Prosocial (Altruistic) Behavior
Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.
Sympathy
Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight
Nonsocial Activity
Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play.
Parallel Play
In which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior.
Associative Play
Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior.
Cooperative Play
A more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.
Induction
In which an adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
Moral Imperatives
Protect people’s rights and welfare from two other types of rules and expectations: social conventions, and matters of personal choice
Social Conventions
Customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and politeness rituals
Matters of Personal Choice
Such as choice of friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
In which children act to fulfill a need or desire - to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult or peer attention - and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal
Reactive (Hostile) Aggression
An angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person
Physical Aggression
Harms others though physical injury - pushing, hitting, kicking, or punching others, or destroying another’s property.
Verbal Aggression
Harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing
Relational Aggression
Damages another’s peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation
Gender Typing
Refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.
Gender Identity
An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics
Androgyny
Scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics
Gender Constancy
A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change.
Gender Schema Theory
An information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children’s cognition work together to shape gender-role development
Child-Rearing Styles
Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate
Authoritative Child-Rearing Style
The most successful approach. Involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.
Authoritarian Child-Rearing Style
Low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting.
Psychological Control
When parents attempt to take advantage of children’s psychological needs by intruding on and manipulating their verbal expressions, individuality, and attachments to parents.
Uninvolved Child-Rearing Style
Combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.
Child Maltreatment
- Physical Abuse
- Sexual Abuse
- Neglect
- Emotional Abuse
