Chapter 13

Question 1

Biological Aging (Senescence)

Answer 1

Begins - genetically influenced declines in the functions of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species

Question 2

Telomeres

Answer 2

A special type of DNA is produces. Located at the ends of chromosomes, serving as “cap” to protect the ends from destruction - shortens. Eventually, so little remains that the sells no longer duplicate at all

Question 3

Free Radicals

Answer 3

Naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen

Question 4

Cross-Linkage Theory of Aging

Answer 4

Over time, protein fibers that make up the body’s connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another. When these normally separate fibers cross-link, tissue becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes

Question 5

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 5

The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest

Question 6

Postformal Thought

Answer 6

Cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operational stage

Question 7

Epistemic Cognition

Answer 7

Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas

Question 8

Dualistic Thinking

Answer 8

Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they

Question 9

Relativistic Thinking

Answer 9

Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context

Question 10

Commitment Within Relativistic Thinking

Answer 10

Instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions

Question 11

Pragmatic Thought

Answer 11

A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems

Question 12

Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Answer 12

Awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences

Question 13

Expertise

Answer 13

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor

Question 14

Fantasy Period

Answer 14

In early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them

Question 15

Tentative Period

Answer 15

Between ages 11-16 adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interests, and soon - as they becomes more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations - in terms of their abilities and values

Question 16

The Realistic Period

Answer 16

By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further explorations - gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. In the final phase, crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation