Chapter 6 Flashcards
Basic Trust Versus Mistrust
When the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first year is resolved on the positive side.
Erikson
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
The conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
Basic Emotions
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust - are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival
Social Smile
Between 6-10 weeks, the parent’s communication evokes a broad grin
Stranger Anxiety
The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults
Secure Base
A point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and the returning to the familiar caregiver for emotional support
Social Referencing
8-10 months infants actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
Self-Conscious Emotions
Humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feelings, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. Involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
Emotional Self-Regulation
Refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
Temperament
Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation, as we have seen, refers to strategies that modify that reactivity.
The Easy Child
40% of sample
Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences
The Difficult Child
10% of sample
Irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
The Slow-to-Warm-up Child
15% of sample.
Inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
Effortful Control
Self-regulatory dimension of temperament, the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.
Inhibited (Shy) Children
React negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli
Uninhibited (Sociable) Children
Display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli
Goodness-of-Fit
Explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. Goodness of fit involves creating childrearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Attachment
The strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress
Ethological Theory of Attachment
Which recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view.
Separation Anxiety
Becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves
Internal Working Model
Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
Secure Attachment
These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they convey clear pleasure - some expressing joy from a distances, others asking to be held until settling down to return to play - and crying is reduced immediately
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior (struggling when held, hitting and pushing). Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily.
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors - for example, looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures.
Attachment Q-Sort
Suitable for children between 1-5 years, depends on home observation. Either the parent of a highly trained observers sorts 90 behaviors - such as “Child greets mother with a big smile when she enters the room,” “If mother moves very far, child follows along,” and “Child uses mother’s facial expressions as a good source of information when something looks risky or threatening” - into nine categories ranging form “highly descriptive” to “not at all descriptive” of the child. Then a score, ranging from high to low in security, is computed.
Sensitivity of Caregiving
Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully
Interactional Synchrony
A special form of communication that separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. It is best described as a sensitively tuned “emotional dance,” in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion.
Self-Recognition
Around 2, identification of the self as s physically unique being
Scale Errors
Attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible
Empathy
The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel it with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.
Categorical Self
18-30 Months, children can classify themselves and others on the basis of age, sex, physical characteristics, and even goodness v. badness, and competencies.
Compliance
The show clear awareness of caregiver’s wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.
Delay of Gratification
Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act
