Chapter 6

Question 1

Basic Trust Versus Mistrust

Answer 1

When the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first year is resolved on the positive side.
Erikson

Question 2

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

Answer 2

The conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

Question 3

Basic Emotions

Answer 3

Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust - are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival

Question 4

Social Smile

Answer 4

Between 6-10 weeks, the parent’s communication evokes a broad grin

Question 5

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 5

The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults

Question 6

Secure Base

Answer 6

A point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and the returning to the familiar caregiver for emotional support

Question 7

Social Referencing

Answer 7

8-10 months infants actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Question 8

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 8

Humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feelings, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. Involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self

Question 9

Emotional Self-Regulation

Answer 9

Refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Question 10

Temperament

Answer 10

Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation, as we have seen, refers to strategies that modify that reactivity.

Question 11

The Easy Child

Answer 11

40% of sample

Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences

Question 12

The Difficult Child

Answer 12

10% of sample

Irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.

Question 13

The Slow-to-Warm-up Child

Answer 13

15% of sample.
Inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.

Question 14

Effortful Control

Answer 14

Self-regulatory dimension of temperament, the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.

Question 15

Inhibited (Shy) Children

Answer 15

React negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli

Question 16

Uninhibited (Sociable) Children

Answer 16

Display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli

Question 17

Goodness-of-Fit

Answer 17

Explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. Goodness of fit involves creating childrearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Question 18

Attachment

Answer 18

The strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress

Question 19

Ethological Theory of Attachment

Answer 19

Which recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view.

Question 20

Separation Anxiety

Answer 20

Becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves

Question 21

Internal Working Model

Answer 21

Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

Question 22

Secure Attachment

Answer 22

These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they convey clear pleasure - some expressing joy from a distances, others asking to be held until settling down to return to play - and crying is reduced immediately

Question 23

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

Answer 23

These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling

Question 24

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

Answer 24

Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior (struggling when held, hitting and pushing). Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily.

Question 25

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Answer 25

This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors - for example, looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures.

Question 26

Attachment Q-Sort

Answer 26

Suitable for children between 1-5 years, depends on home observation. Either the parent of a highly trained observers sorts 90 behaviors - such as “Child greets mother with a big smile when she enters the room,” “If mother moves very far, child follows along,” and “Child uses mother’s facial expressions as a good source of information when something looks risky or threatening” - into nine categories ranging form “highly descriptive” to “not at all descriptive” of the child. Then a score, ranging from high to low in security, is computed.

Question 27

Sensitivity of Caregiving

Answer 27

Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully

Question 28

Interactional Synchrony

Answer 28

A special form of communication that separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. It is best described as a sensitively tuned “emotional dance,” in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion.

Question 29

Self-Recognition

Answer 29

Around 2, identification of the self as s physically unique being

Question 30

Scale Errors

Answer 30

Attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible

Question 31

Empathy

Answer 31

The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel it with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.

Question 32

Categorical Self

Answer 32

18-30 Months, children can classify themselves and others on the basis of age, sex, physical characteristics, and even goodness v. badness, and competencies.

Question 33

Compliance

Answer 33

The show clear awareness of caregiver’s wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.

Question 34

Delay of Gratification

Answer 34

Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act