Chapter 10 Flashcards
Industry Versus Inferiority
Psychological conflict of middle childhood.
Is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
Social Comparisons
Judgments of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.
Perspective-Taking Skills
An improved ability to infer what other people are thinking and to distinguish those viewpoints from one’s own
Mastery-Oriented Attributions
Crediting their success to ability - a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenges. And they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or controlled, such a insufficient effort or a difficult task
Learned Helplessness
Children who attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. When they succeed, they conclude that external factors, such as luck, are responsible. Unlike their mastery-oriented counterparts, they believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard.
Person Praise
Emphasizes the child’s traits. Ex. “you’re smart”
Process Praise
Emphasizes behavior and effort. Ex. “You figured it out”
Problem-Centered Coping
Appraising the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it
Emotion-Centered Coping
When problem solving doesn’t work, taking part in internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome
Peer Groups
Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers.
Peer Acceptance
Refers to likability - the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner
Popular Children
Get many positive votes, are well liked
Rejected Children
Who get many negative votes, are disliked
Controversial Children
Who receive many votes both positive and negative
Neglected Children
Who are seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively
Average Children
Who receive average numbers of positive and negative votes and account for about one-third of children in a typical elementary school classroom
Popular-Prosocial Children
Both well-like (socially preferred) and admired (high in perceived popularity). Combines academic and social competence
Popular-Antisocial Children
Include “tough” boys - athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority - and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring, excluding, and spreading rumors about other children
Rejected-Withdrawn Children
Passive and socially awkward
Peer Victimization
In which certain children become targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse
Gender Typicality
The degree to which the child feels similar to others of the same gender
Gender Contentedness
The degree to which the child feels comfortable with his or her gender assignment, which also promotes happiness
Coregulation
A form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making.
Blended (Reconstituted) Family
About 60 percent of divorced parents remarry within a few years. Others cohabit, or share a sexual relationship and a partner outside of marriage. Parent stepparent, and children form a new family structure
Self-Care Children
Who regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school
Phobia
About 5 percent of school-age children develop an intense, unmanageable fear
