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Bio1000 > Chapter 8&9 Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 8&9 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Purine

A

Adenine and Guanine.
They have DOUBLE carbon rings.

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2
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Thymine and cytosine
They have SINGLE carbon rings.

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3
Q

What 2 bases have 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine and thymine

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4
Q

What 2 bases have 3 hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanine and cytosine

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5
Q

Adenine will always pair with?

A

Thymine

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6
Q

Guanine will always pair with?

A

Cytosine

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7
Q

Topoisomerase function

A

This is the first step in DNA replication.
This enzyme untwists the double helix of DNA, relives the supercooling ahead of the helicase.

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8
Q

DNA helicase function

A

This is the second step in DNA replication.
This enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands.

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9
Q

Primase function

A

This is the third step in DNA replication.
This enzyme makes primers.

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10
Q

Primer function

A

This is the fourth step in DNA replication.
A primer is a single strand of DNA or RNA that’s complementary to a targeted sequence [DNA polymerase needs primers]
A primer serves to prime and lay a foundation for DNA synthesis.

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11
Q

DNA polymerase function

A

This is the fifth step in DNA replication.
This enzyme joins free nucleotides into a new strand of DNA, synthesize DNA in the 5’—>3’ prime direction of the new DNA.
Carries out DNA replication. Uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

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12
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

6) The new CONTINUOUS complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template in the 5’—>3’ direction, moving toward the replication fork.

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13
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

6) A DISCONTINUOUSLY synthesized DNA strand that is created in fragments/segments called Okazaki fragments. Runs in the 5’—>3’ direction AWAY from the replication fork.

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14
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

6) Segments/fragments of the lagging strand.

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15
Q

DNA ligase

A

7) This enzyme connects the sugar phosphate backbone of the okazaki fragments.

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16
Q

What is the initial substrate of DNA replication?

A

DNA

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17
Q

What is the final product of DNA replication

A

2 DNA

18
Q

Where in the cell does DNA replication occur?

A

Nucleus

19
Q

What is the initial substrate of transcription

A

DNA

20
Q

What is the final product of transcription?

A

MRNA

21
Q

Where in the cell does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

22
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

First step in transcription
Acts as a helicase, unwinding the DNA and also copies the DNA [carries out transcription] once it attaches to a promoter.

23
Q

What is the function of a promoter?

A

Second step in transcription
The promoter tells the RNA polymerase where to “sit down” on the DNA and begin transcribing.

24
Q

What is the third step in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the start codon [after attaching to the promoter].

25
Q

What is the start codons nucleotide bases? What is the chemical name?

A

“AUG”
Methionine

26
Q

Where is the start codon located?

A

MRNA

27
Q

What is the fourth step in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase reaches TERMINATION [which means it has finished making the copy of mRNA]

28
Q

What kind of nucleic acid is TERMINATION?

A

DNA nucleic acid
Think of it like this, RNA polymerase is copying DNA off of a DNA strand to make mRNA. When RNA polymerase reaches the end [done copying off the DNA strand] it stops. It was copying off of a DNA strand, which means TERMINATION is a DNA nucleic acid.

29
Q

What is RNA processing?
What is another name for RNA processing?

A

This is the fifth step in transcription
Removing introns
Keeping exons
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

30
Q

What is the sixth step in transcription?

A
  1. A modified GUANINE nucleotide is added at the beginning of the mRNA as a “cap”.
  2. Extra adenine [poly-A] nucleotides are added to the end of the mRNA strand, forming a “tail”.
31
Q

What is the eighth step in transcription?

A

After the mRNA has been matured, it can leave the nucleus through a nuclear pore and move on to TRANSLATION.

32
Q

Where in the cell does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes/cytoplasm

33
Q

What is the initial substrate for translation?

A

MRNA

34
Q

What is the final product of translation?

A

Protein

35
Q

What is the first step in translation?

A

mRNA binds to a ribosome.

36
Q

What happens in initiation in translation?

A

A tRNA show up with the anticodon [UAC] complementary to the start codon of mRNA [AUG, methionine]
This is called INITIATION

37
Q

What is the second step in translation?

A

Elongation
This is where the process repeats. A tRNA will come deliver amino acids/anticodons mRNA the codon, the amino acids will be linked by peptide bonds. Remember that it takes energy to create peptide bonds between amino acids.

38
Q

What kind of reaction would translation be?

A

Endergonic [positive change of G, not spontaneous].

39
Q

What is the final step in translation?

A

Termination. This means that tRNA as reached mRNAs STOP CODON which means end of translation.
A tRNA does not have an anticodon complementary to the mRNAs stop codon.

40
Q

What kind of reaction would DNA replication be?

A

Endergonic [positive change of G, not spontaneous]

41
Q

What kind of reaction would transcription be?

A

Endergonic [positive change of G, not spontaneous]

Bio1000 (8 decks)

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